Five factors of acceleration of globalisation Essay

Five variables of quickening of globalization - Essay Example These incorporate market drivers, cost drivers, innovative drivers, government or political drivers, and serious drivers. Every one of these will each be clarified in detail in the accompanying sections (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002). There are two mainstream systems that spread the essential ideas of the drivers of globalization. One of these is especially significant and will be secured here. One of the structures is Yip's Framework, and the other one of the systems is Porter's Framework. The one that will be shrouded with regards to this task is Yip's Framework, which covers four drivers of globalization (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002). Howl didn't have faith in the two limits that organizations were either worldwide or not worldwide. Rather, he accepted that all associations were mixes of the two, every one being a greater amount of one than the other. His structure or diagram permits an onlooker to decide explicitly which parts of an association are worldwide and which parts have various viewpoints on a neighborhood level. On the off chance that an association wishes to assess their worldwide technique, examining Yip's Framework can assume a significant job (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002).. Howl contended that, A worldwide system will be worldwide in numerous regards, yet may likewise incorporate highlights that are privately arranged. To accomplish the advantages of globalization, the supervisors of an overall business need to perceive whenever industry conditions give the chance to utilize worldwide procedure switches (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002). According to Yip, there are four drivers that that decide the degree of globalization: showcase drivers, cost drivers, government drivers, and serious drivers (Campbell, Stonehouse, and Houston, 2002). Market Globalization Drivers The principal driver of globalization to investigate is showcase drivers. As local markets become increasingly immersed, the open doors for development are restricted and worldwide extending is a way most associations decide to conquer this circumstance. Basic client needs and the chance to utilize worldwide showcasing channels and move advertising somewhat are additionally motivating forces to pick internationalization (Bauernfeind, 2005, pg. 1). Market drivers have brought about the intermingling of per capita pay among industrialized countries; investigate the trade rates over the globe for instance. There has additionally been an assembly of ways of life and tastes. Individuals are requesting more excellent items and administrations than they ever have previously, and they need them at the least expensive value, which genuinely makes an issue for organizations that are endeavoring to make a benefit. Associations are starting to carry on as worldwide clients. At the point when associations spread their activities to different nations, they need to take a gander at discovering providers in those zones so as to limit their expenses. There has been a prominent increment in movement making worldwide buyers. This can maybe be ascribed to the galactic increment in correspondence that joined the developing prominence of the Internet. Provincial and worldwide channels have developed to cosmic extents. This can be ascribed by and by to the development in overall correspondence, just as

Research Proposal Global Warming and Western United States Wildfires Essay Example

Research Proposal: Global Warming and Western United States Wildfires Essay Over the ongoing years rapidly spreading fires have been widespread wonders in the Western United States of America. One thing as been noted about the patterns of the out of control fires, that they are progressively serious during the more sultry seasons, when the spring temperatures come before and the mid year temperatures get more sizzling. The motivation behind this exploration paper is to direct an investigation that will give information indicating the connection between increment in temperature because of an Earth-wide temperature boost and the event of atmosphere driven flames. The paper will give deductively supported proof from books, famous diaries, and other solid sources to show that the expansion in out of control fires in the Western United States is because of a worldwide temperature alteration. Articulation of the Problem or Research Questions(s) So as to give an authentically upheld contention that will bolster the reason articulation the investigation will try to address various inquiries that incorporates; Are out of control fires thought about a catastrophic event or would they say they are a result of man made fiascos? How do the yearly snowmelts influence occasional rapidly spreading fires? Information perception of occasional temperature changes, what is the logical connection among changing and the recurrence and power of fierce blazes? What are the critical changes that make conditions positive for rapidly spreading fires? What models of forecasts exist that causes conditions for out of control fires? What are the efficient misfortunes because of the out of control fires? How has the out of control fires influenced nature and are there a negative or a constructive outcome on the environments? So as to give a contention that can be shielded, adequate information will be gathered that will be included fundamental data about the examination considers utilized, for example, the term of time secured by the information gathered, strategies utilized in breaking down the information, and discoveries. We will compose a custom paper test on Research Proposal: Global Warming and Western United States Wildfires explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Research Proposal: Global Warming and Western United States Wildfires explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Research Proposal: Global Warming and Western United States Wildfires explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Hypothetical Framework Hypothetically, this paper will waver inside the limits of the hypothesis of Complex Self-sorting out Systems. As per the hypothesis, things don't occur all alone, they happen in light of the fact that a person or thing has made them to occur. This is a pointer of an impression of a dream of control over life and the world. The hypothesis holds that most frameworks comprise of communicating parts and conduct of the framework all in all, and that no part controls the entire or considerably another part.â Such frameworks are alluded to as â€Å"Self-organizing† and the conduct of the segments alluded to as â€Å"emergent.† [Lemke (n.d.)] Similarly, this examination study’s theory holds that fierce blazes don't simply happen because of dropping of combustible materials in the timberlands yet they happen because of a worldwide temperature alteration. Speculation (Statements of the Hypothesis) Out of control fires might be brought about by both artificial and characteristic variables. For example, man can inadvertently light a fire by unwittingly tossing combustible items on dead and dry trees and bushes, crafted by pyromaniacs is additionally another synthetic movement. Then again common factors, for example, helping and an Earth-wide temperature boost have been noted to contribute hugely in the expansion of the recurrence of fierce blazes. For reasons for this paper’s inquire about examination scope, a limited methodology will be embraced, that: an Earth-wide temperature boost will be talked about as the principle factor behind the regular out of control fires in the Western United States of America. Adequate proof shows that, an Earth-wide temperature boost that realizes outrageous climatic changes is the reason for out of control fires that have been on the expansion in the Western locale of the United States. As indicated by Running, (2006), the heightening of out of control fire movement in the western United States is legitimately connected to the expansion in temperatures (a dangerous atmospheric devation). He fights that â€Å"Higher temperatures and prior snowmelts are expanding the fierce blaze season and expanding the force of out of control fires in the Western United States.† (pp. 927-928) Centrality of the Study Normal risks cause several passings and cost billions in a debacle help, interruption of business and exchange, annihilation of homes and basic infrastructure.â Wildfires are a case of such developing common dangers that represents a danger to life and property. In spite of themselves causing various passings and loss of property legitimately, they are by implication similarly appalling, in that, they increment the potential for flooding and avalanches. The smoke and different vaporous outflows that exude from rapidly spreading fires contain poisons that can cause huge medical issues. The more the outflow of ozone harming substances into the climate the more the expansion of the danger of out of control fires events. It is trusted that the study’s discoveries and suggestions will help confer the truly necessary information about the reasons for the out of control fires that have been a hazard to in the western United States. This information will assist with clearing a few i deas that individuals may have been holding concerning the reasons for out of control fires. All the more critically, in the event that individuals get the information on the reasons for the fierce blazes, at that point they will set up measures for battling them. For example, it is realized that the United States of America is probably the best producer of green house gases into the climate which wind up adding to an unnatural weather change; along these lines this will be utilized as a valid justification for need to authorize approaches that will limit the outflow of the ozone depleting substances. Research Design and Methods The idea of this examination study requests for a methodology that will utilize hypothetical information proposing a speculation between the two key variables.â This methodology will empower the analyst to take a target position to treat the marvels hard and genuine. Considering this, at that point the most suitable methodology for the investigation is quantitative methodology. This methodology will take into consideration the utilization of exact proof assembled from other related examinations and endeavor to test theories or explanations concerning this proof with view to making a speculation between the key factors. Further, this methodology includes the estimating, checking, gathering and investigating of numerical information and use of measurable tests to the gathered information. Research Design and Instrumentation Meaning of key Variables Out of control fires: As per Blaikie et al, risks, for example, storms, tropical storms, quakes, torrents, volcanic blasts, flooding, rapidly spreading fires must connect with social frameworks and human powerlessness to qualify the status of â€Å"disasters†. The meaning of a cataclysmic event is pegged on the risk defenselessness association. This is to state that a characteristic peril will never result into a catastrophic event on the off chance that it happens in zones without powerlessness for example solid seismic tremors occurring in uninhabited grounds. Be that as it may, the most touchy issue is setting up the reason for fiascos. For example, while a few calamities are legitimately brought about by keeps an eye on exercises others are brought about by characteristic factors, for example, a worldwide temperature alteration, helping, quake, and so forth. Rapidly spreading fires for example, are a case of catastrophic events that are for the most part brought about by changes in climatic con ditions. An out of control fire, otherwise called, timberland fire, vegetation fire, or shrub fire, is an uncontrolled fire in wild land that are brought about by both man exercises and normal factors, for example, a worldwide temperature alteration and helping. A fire requires three fundamental things to consume: fuel, oxygen, and warmth. On account of fierce blazes the fuel is trees, bushes, and grasses, particularly those that are dead and dry. The air in our environment which is comprised of 21% of oxygen, supplies the oxygen that the fierce blazes needs to consume. Then again, the high temperatures flexibly heat. [Blaikie et al (2003)] A dangerous atmospheric devation: A dangerous atmospheric devation is the expansion in the normal temperatures of the earth close surface air and the seas since the mid-twentieth century and its anticipated continuation. It is accepted that the significant reason for a worldwide temperature alteration is the abundance emanation of ozone harming substances into the air. This causes the exhaustion of the ozone layer which ensures the overabundance entrance of solid radiations from the sun. A slight increment in worldwide temperatures can cause ice sheets to soften, waterways to dry, deserts to infringe, trees to dry and shed leaves, and different types of desert like circumstances. There exists adequate inquired about proof that shows that these desert-like circumstances are liable for the expansion in the recurrence of rapidly spreading fires. [Climate Change (2007)] Research Study Sources This exploration study includes two factors (a dangerous atmospheric devation: free and out of control fires: subordinate) which are legitimately connected to each other. So as to explore the interrelation between these two factors, discoveries of different articles that depict look into contemplates completed by different specialists on the issue will be examined. This paper will use discoveries from dependable research concentrates as it were. In ‘reliable research studies’ it is alluded to those investigations whose discoveries were distributed in trustworthy diaries, have been peer audited, or were introduced in worldwide gatherings on atmosphere as incorporated reports. Just those articles that are distributed in diaries, for example, Science Express, Climate Change, National Wildlife, and PNAS will be used. Each article’s discoveries and other applicable information will be dealt with autonomously so as to have a free correlation toward the finish of the inv estigation that w

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Essay Example for Free

Crossover Electric Vehicles Essay Crossover vehicles are believed to be the vehicle of things to come, with expanding accentuation being put on cutting carbon impressions and securing the planet. In the relatively recent past Hybrid vehicles were the protect of the especially eco-cognizant, however they have now advanced into the standard. Most significant motoring brands offer Hybrids with models like the Toyota Prius, the Honda CR-Z and the Lexus CT demonstrating well known. They work by consolidating a fuel motor with electric batteries, which recovers vitality when the vehicle brakes or changes over vitality from the petroleum in the fuel motor. Be that as it may, more producers are creating plug in Hybrids, which offer the alternative to revive all the more impressive batteries through a typical family unit power attachment. Half and halves are naturally inviting One primary explanation drivers decide on a Hybrid over a standard vehicle is that they need to cut the effect their motoring has on the earth. These engines are more eco-accommodating as they include two motors a conventional gas motor and an electric engine and batteries which cooperate to cut fuel utilization. This settles on them the vehicle of decision for drivers who are earth cognizant and realize that deciding on a gas guzzler will negatively affect nature. They additionally have a lower running expense In extreme financial occasions when the expense of vehicle protection and petroleum is soaring, individuals will effectively keep the expense of their vehicle upkeep down. Putting resources into a Hybrid is one approach to do this. Because of the two-motor framework Hybrid drivers will use around half of the petroleum or diesel, making for less expensive excursions to the corner store. You get street tax reductions with an end goal to urge individuals to be eco-accommodating in their motoring rehearses, the administration is urging individuals to drive a Hybrid by giving them street tax reductions. Contingent upon the carbon emanations of their specific vehicle, drivers will either make good on less street expense or none by any means. Crossovers are costly to purchase in any case While you may save money on running costs, Hybrid vehicles will in general cost more than their equal gas chugging partners. In any case, the distinction will in general remain at around ? 1,000 to ? 2,000, implying that it is truly conceivable to bring in your cash back over the long haul. A few people are worried about the batteries Hybrids use batteries and a few people are stressed over the poisonousness of these. In any case, todays models use NiMH batteries instead of the ecologically troublesome nickel cadmium ones. Besides, these battery packs are intended to keep going for the lifetime of the vehicle. New parts and overhauling can be badly designed and costly. Because of the imaginative innovation used in Hybrid vehicles, mechanics at conventional carports don't have the skill to fix them should something turn out badly. This implies Hybrid proprietors need to return their engine to the seller for overhauling. Not the slightest bit should they endeavor to fix the issue themselves as there is a danger of electric shock. Whats more, since Hybrids are more up to date and rarer getting hold of new parts can be a costly procedure, which can make support on the vehicle more costly than with a more seasoned engine.

Environmental Issues of Coal Mining Essays

Ecological Issues of Coal Mining Essays Ecological Issues of Coal Mining Paper Ecological Issues of Coal Mining Paper Elevated levels of suspended particulate issue increment respiratory sicknesses, for example, interminable bronchitis and asthma cases while vaporous outflows contribute towards an Earth-wide temperature boost other than causing wellbeing risks to the uncovered populace. The uncontrolled residue makes genuine wellbeing danger as well as influences the profitability through poor perceivability, breakdown of hardware, expanded support cost and at last falls apart the surrounding air quality in and around the mining site. The residue can likewise dirty close by surface waters and Stunt crop development by concealing and logging the pores of the plants. Other than contaminating the earth, the age of residue implies the loss of fines, which go about as street surface folios. Issue with ozone depleting substances, corrosive downpour and ground level ozone The key ecological difficulties confronting the coal business are identified with both coal mining and the utilization of coal ozone harming substances, corrosive downpour and ground level ozone, issues which can be nearby, local and worldwide in their effects. The nursery impact is a characteristic marvel which alludes to the expansion in the earths surface temperature because of the nearness of specific gases in the climate. There is worry that this characteristic marvel is being modified by a more noteworthy develop of gases brought about by human movement. This is known as the improved nursery impact. The ignition of coal, similar to that of other non-renewable energy sources, produces CO, a gas that is connected to a dangerous atmospheric devation through the nursery impact. The burning of coal produces vaporous outflows of sulfur dioxide (SIS) and nitrous oxides (Knox) that are liable for the creation of corrosive downpour and ground level ozone. Corrosive downpour happens when SIS and Knox gases respond in the climate with water, oxygen and other Heimlich to shape acidic mixes. Ground level ozone (03) is primarily liable for exhaust cloud that shapes an earthy colored fog over urban communities. Ground level ozone is framed when Knox gases respond with different synthetic substances in the climate and is upgraded by solid daylight. Discharges of SIS and Knox are named trans-limit air contamination in light of the fact that the ecological effects from the creation of these gases are not confined by land limits. II) Impact of Coal Mine Fires various coal mineshafts in the nation are influenced by flames prompting consistent annihilation of valuable vitality asset. The explanation behind mine flames resalable includes the marvel of unconstrained warming through two interrelated procedures business. , the oxygen coal association or oxidative procedure and the warm procedure. In the event that remaining parts uncontrolled, the fire could spread further through interconnected pathways and crevices in the layers. It is assessed that 10% of all out national coal assets are in the fire-influenced territories. Mine flames offer ascent to a few natural issues other than security dangers and financial misfortunes. Aside from direct misfortunes because of consuming of coal, the other related risks experienced are: I) gas harming, ii) troublesome conscience inning conditions, iii) disinfection of coal, iv) obstruction to creation v) blasts, vi) harm to structure and contiguous properties, and so forth. (Sick) Impact of Mining on Water system Disturbance to hydrological system Mining and its related exercises utilizes a ton Of water as well as influences the hydrological system of the area and regularly influences the water quality. Enormous and profound opencast mines for the most part have incredible effect on the hydrological system of the area. The major hydrological effect of a huge and profound opencast mine, be that as it may, is on the ground water system of the district. The eater saturating the mine and gathered in the mine sump is incompletely spent in the mine and the abundance sum is released into the surface waste framework. The water spent in the dig for showering on pull streets, transports, at stacking and emptying focuses, dugouts and so on. Are lost by vanishing. A profound mine is probably going to have longer take streets requiring all the more splashing water. The water utilized for green belts and manor regions are additionally lost by Eva-transpiration.. Numerous regions of the nation are confronted with the issue Of over misuse of ground water assets bringing about disturbing bringing down of eater table. Thusly a great deal of care must be taken in assessing the water need and the mines of future are probably going to be exposed to a ton of imperatives on water use and release. Corrosive Mine Drainage Acidic water brings about serious water contamination issues. Corrosive Mine Drainage (MAD) alludes to particular kinds of waste bodies that begin from the enduring and filtering of sulfide minerals present in coal and related layers. Ecological impacts of MAD incorporate pollution of drinking water and disturbed development and propagation Of amphibian plants and creatures. Impacts f MAD identified with water contamination incorporate the murdering of fish and loss of sea-going life and consumption of mining types of gear and structures, for example, freight ships, scaffolds and solid materials. Distraught is the most steady contamination issues in mines of North Eastern Coalfield. By and large, water quality attributes of acidic mine water reflect high corrosiveness and high hardness alongside high iron and sulfate substance. Different harmful follow/overwhelming metals become dissolvable in acidic water and might be introducing huge to focus levels relying on their accessibility in the source material. Luckily the significant greater part of coal mining regions are sheltered and just in a couple of confined zones issue of MAD exists. Distraught disabled people the economy of mines because of consistence of rigid natural principles and includes enormous cost trouble in its administration. IV) Effect of Mining on Land Irrespective of the sort of digging utilized for removing coal, mining constantly brings about gigantic land unsettling influence e. G. Huge scope uncovering, evacuation of top soil, dumping of strong squanders, cutting of streets, making of forsaken land and so forth. The mining business, when all is said in done, is hesitant to remanded overburden preliminary for monetary reasons however in a couple of cases it has been intended to remanded the material to fill the voids made toward the finish of mining, and it is normal that the training will turn out to be progressively boundless in future.

Two Commonly Confused Words

Two Commonly Confused Words EP 31: English Grammar 101: Two Commonly Confused Words EP 31: English Grammar 101: Two Commonly Confused Words This week we continue our weekly mini series. We are investigating the foundations of English grammar, starting with the basics and moving on from there. This week we discuss two commonly confused words in the English language: by and until. Join Cath Anne as she reviews the foundations of English grammar. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:06] Hi everyone. Welcome to the Homework Help Show. My name is Cath Anne and I am your weekly host of the Homework Help Show and Top Writer with Homework Help Global. On this show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Cath Anne: [00:00:16] This week on the show we are going to continue our Grammar 101 series. This will be one of the last episodes and we are going to talk about two different words and how to use them in the English language and in writing. Cath Anne: [00:00:30] First we will talk about the difference between by and until. Lets begin. By marks the deadline for an action or event to finish. So, if we are going to try to remember the word by think of it as a deadline. It marks the point where an action completes or is replaced by another action. Think about using it as a word when something ends or comes to a stop. You must finish the action by this point so there is a deadline. For example, yesterday I was writing a grant application and I had to have it in by 5pm. [00:01:46] By marks a point in the future when the action is going to finish. So, if we look at the past, we have the present, and by is going to occur right here, before the future. In the example sentence, I will be at the office by 7pm, as 7pm is the deadline, this is the point in which the speaker will be at the office. The speaker is not at the office now, but by the 7pm deadline, the speaker will be at the office. This is how we use, by. Think about it like a deadline. Cath Anne: [00:01:57] Lets continue onto the second grammar point, which is a similar word. We are looking at the word until. Also remember that until has two casual forms. So, we can use the word till T-I-L-L or we can use the word apostrophe T-I-L in the place of until. Cath Anne: [00:03:38] Sometimes when youre speaking or even in some situations where you are writing you might be able to use till or til. But, they are much more casual and colloquial. They are not as formal as the word until. So, remember that the word until is always going to be correct. So, when you use until you are always be in the right. Particularly when you are doing academic writing, you will want to keep this in mind and you will likely always want to use until. Cath Anne: [00:04:14] So, lets talk about when we use until. We use until to talk about a continuing action. So, a continuing situation or a continuing state. It is not in the present, it is not in the future, but we know that it is going to change or stop. So, something is happening and we know there is going to be a situational change and that is when we use the word until. The key difference here is a continuing situation or a continuing state as opposed to with by we have a definite deadline. Cath Anne: [00:04:21] There is a definite time or deadline that indicates that we use the word by whereas until is a continuing situation. So, something is true now, but it might not be true in the future. Until marks the point where the action or the state is going to finish or change. Rather than thinking about it as a deadline like by we can think about it as a key point in the future where action A continues until a point where we use until and a second action begins. Something is going to change at the until point. With by we dont use the nuance of an action changing, we only have the nuance of the deadline. Here until is going to show that something is going to change or that something is going to happen. Cath Anne: [00:06:22] So, well use a similar sentence and as you can see we are using pretty much the same sentence. So, you can say, Ill be at the office until 7pm. Here we have the future tense of Ill or I will. This sentence shows us that the speaker is at the office right now and that they will be at the office until 7pm, which is the changing point. At 7pm the speaker is no longer going to be at the office and they will likely be leaving the office, which indicates a change in action. Cath Anne: [00:07:17] So, I hope we can practice some examples right now which I have written on the board. So, I will read them out loud because I notice that the writing is a little bit small. So, lets figure these sentences out. He has to find a new job *blank* March. March indicates a deadline, a time in the future. Because there is a deadline, we will use the word by. The second sentence is, Im not going to go to bed *blank* I finish the movie. In this sentence, the speaker will not go to bed, so thats one action, and there is a second action, I finish the movie. So, in this case, we will use the word until because we are ending one action and we are continuing with a new action. Cath Anne: [00:08:41] Finally, we have the sentence, Im not going to be there *blank* 8pm. Now, in this case the sentence is a little bit tricky. 8pm is certainly a deadline, however, it also indicates that something is going to change. The time is changing, so it is a bit more nuanced here. So, in this case we can use either by or until. However, keep in mind that this is going to significantly change the meaning of the sentence. So, for example, if we use the word by we can say, Im not going to be there by 8pm. 8pm is the deadline. This indicates that the speaker will not be at the event or at the location by 8pm, maybe they are running late. Cath Anne: [00:08:41] In the second situation, if we use the word until we can say, Im not going to be there until 8pm. This implies something totally different. What this implies is that the speaker is possibly running late, and that they are not going to be at the party until 8pm. So, they will be there, but they will not be there until 8pm and that is going to change. Cath Anne: [00:10:26] So, always keep in mind that there will be situations where by and until are both correct, but the meaning of the sentence will change significantly depending on which word you choose. . Cath Anne: [00:10:47] So youll want to do a bit more study and practice using some sentences to figure out the best approach to using these words. Cath Anne: [00:11:02] So, I think we can leave it there for this week. Next, week we will be tackling the difference between really and very. These are two really interesting words that have a lot in common and we will also be talking about some common grammar mistakes in English writing and English speaking and that will wrap up our short series on Grammar 101. Cath Anne: [00:11:30] I hope this session was of benefit to you. If you like this video and you want to see more like this, if you like this format, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our channel to get access to more of our content. If you are interested in viewing any of our other videos or our podcasts, make sure to check out all the links to our other social media platforms, in the comments below. If you have any questions, comments, or ideas, feel free to share them with us in the comments, we always love to hear from you guys. Join my live on Instagram every Monday at 7pm EST. Ill check in and have a quick chat to check in and see how you guys are doing throughout the school year. We always love to connect and just check in with you guys and see how youre doing. Thanks for tuning in to Episode 31 of the Homework Help Show. Cath Anne: [00:12:23] Hope you see you all again soon. Hope this was of benefit. Take care everyone. Two Commonly Confused Words EP 31: English Grammar 101: Two Commonly Confused Words EP 31: English Grammar 101: Two Commonly Confused Words This week we continue our weekly mini series. We are investigating the foundations of English grammar, starting with the basics and moving on from there. This week we discuss two commonly confused words in the English language: by and until. Join Cath Anne as she reviews the foundations of English grammar. Looking for study tips, help with essay writing, or advice on how to be a better student? Welcome to The Homework Help Show, a weekly show where we teach, assist, and offer valuable insights for student life. From study hacks to writing tips, discussions about student mental health to step-by-step guides on academic writing and how to write a resume, weve got you covered. Want your questions answered? Write them below or join the conversation on social media using the hashtag #askHHG TRANSCRIPT: Cath Anne: [00:00:06] Hi everyone. Welcome to the Homework Help Show. My name is Cath Anne and I am your weekly host of the Homework Help Show and Top Writer with Homework Help Global. On this show we provide you with valuable content for your academic and student life. Cath Anne: [00:00:16] This week on the show we are going to continue our Grammar 101 series. This will be one of the last episodes and we are going to talk about two different words and how to use them in the English language and in writing. Cath Anne: [00:00:30] First we will talk about the difference between by and until. Lets begin. By marks the deadline for an action or event to finish. So, if we are going to try to remember the word by think of it as a deadline. It marks the point where an action completes or is replaced by another action. Think about using it as a word when something ends or comes to a stop. You must finish the action by this point so there is a deadline. For example, yesterday I was writing a grant application and I had to have it in by 5pm. [00:01:46] By marks a point in the future when the action is going to finish. So, if we look at the past, we have the present, and by is going to occur right here, before the future. In the example sentence, I will be at the office by 7pm, as 7pm is the deadline, this is the point in which the speaker will be at the office. The speaker is not at the office now, but by the 7pm deadline, the speaker will be at the office. This is how we use, by. Think about it like a deadline. Cath Anne: [00:01:57] Lets continue onto the second grammar point, which is a similar word. We are looking at the word until. Also remember that until has two casual forms. So, we can use the word till T-I-L-L or we can use the word apostrophe T-I-L in the place of until. Cath Anne: [00:03:38] Sometimes when youre speaking or even in some situations where you are writing you might be able to use till or til. But, they are much more casual and colloquial. They are not as formal as the word until. So, remember that the word until is always going to be correct. So, when you use until you are always be in the right. Particularly when you are doing academic writing, you will want to keep this in mind and you will likely always want to use until. Cath Anne: [00:04:14] So, lets talk about when we use until. We use until to talk about a continuing action. So, a continuing situation or a continuing state. It is not in the present, it is not in the future, but we know that it is going to change or stop. So, something is happening and we know there is going to be a situational change and that is when we use the word until. The key difference here is a continuing situation or a continuing state as opposed to with by we have a definite deadline. Cath Anne: [00:04:21] There is a definite time or deadline that indicates that we use the word by whereas until is a continuing situation. So, something is true now, but it might not be true in the future. Until marks the point where the action or the state is going to finish or change. Rather than thinking about it as a deadline like by we can think about it as a key point in the future where action A continues until a point where we use until and a second action begins. Something is going to change at the until point. With by we dont use the nuance of an action changing, we only have the nuance of the deadline. Here until is going to show that something is going to change or that something is going to happen. Cath Anne: [00:06:22] So, well use a similar sentence and as you can see we are using pretty much the same sentence. So, you can say, Ill be at the office until 7pm. Here we have the future tense of Ill or I will. This sentence shows us that the speaker is at the office right now and that they will be at the office until 7pm, which is the changing point. At 7pm the speaker is no longer going to be at the office and they will likely be leaving the office, which indicates a change in action. Cath Anne: [00:07:17] So, I hope we can practice some examples right now which I have written on the board. So, I will read them out loud because I notice that the writing is a little bit small. So, lets figure these sentences out. He has to find a new job *blank* March. March indicates a deadline, a time in the future. Because there is a deadline, we will use the word by. The second sentence is, Im not going to go to bed *blank* I finish the movie. In this sentence, the speaker will not go to bed, so thats one action, and there is a second action, I finish the movie. So, in this case, we will use the word until because we are ending one action and we are continuing with a new action. Cath Anne: [00:08:41] Finally, we have the sentence, Im not going to be there *blank* 8pm. Now, in this case the sentence is a little bit tricky. 8pm is certainly a deadline, however, it also indicates that something is going to change. The time is changing, so it is a bit more nuanced here. So, in this case we can use either by or until. However, keep in mind that this is going to significantly change the meaning of the sentence. So, for example, if we use the word by we can say, Im not going to be there by 8pm. 8pm is the deadline. This indicates that the speaker will not be at the event or at the location by 8pm, maybe they are running late. Cath Anne: [00:08:41] In the second situation, if we use the word until we can say, Im not going to be there until 8pm. This implies something totally different. What this implies is that the speaker is possibly running late, and that they are not going to be at the party until 8pm. So, they will be there, but they will not be there until 8pm and that is going to change. Cath Anne: [00:10:26] So, always keep in mind that there will be situations where by and until are both correct, but the meaning of the sentence will change significantly depending on which word you choose. . Cath Anne: [00:10:47] So youll want to do a bit more study and practice using some sentences to figure out the best approach to using these words. Cath Anne: [00:11:02] So, I think we can leave it there for this week. Next, week we will be tackling the difference between really and very. These are two really interesting words that have a lot in common and we will also be talking about some common grammar mistakes in English writing and English speaking and that will wrap up our short series on Grammar 101. Cath Anne: [00:11:30] I hope this session was of benefit to you. If you like this video and you want to see more like this, if you like this format, please give it a thumbs up and subscribe to our channel to get access to more of our content. If you are interested in viewing any of our other videos or our podcasts, make sure to check out all the links to our other social media platforms, in the comments below. If you have any questions, comments, or ideas, feel free to share them with us in the comments, we always love to hear from you guys. Join my live on Instagram every Monday at 7pm EST. Ill check in and have a quick chat to check in and see how you guys are doing throughout the school year. We always love to connect and just check in with you guys and see how youre doing. Thanks for tuning in to Episode 31 of the Homework Help Show. Cath Anne: [00:12:23] Hope you see you all again soon. Hope this was of benefit. Take care everyone.