Discovering what Democracy Means

Democracy is most simply and conventionally defined as the type of government wherein the power rests in the people, or at least, majority of a nation’s citizens. A government that allows people to vote and choose their leaders, a Constitution that is created exactly to protect the welfare of such people, equality in the access of power and universal recognition of rights and liberties are principles that characterize democracy as a government and as a political theory.Bill Moyers believes in the power of â€Å"we†. He believes in the principles of equality and liberty. He believes in all principles that speak of democracy. However, there is something different about Moyer’s portrayal of democracy. His speeches, shows and works, all suggest not only a man who knows and believes in principles but also a man who is passionate in his advocacy of bringing these principles into actuality, not by inciting revolt or actual participation in a revolution but through refle ctive words that inspire and incite the dignity and humanity in man.Bill Moyers starts Discovering What Democracy Means (2007) by defending social scientists, artists and scholars, and arts and humanities as teachers of the mind. While the Congress is being skeptical about allocating funds to arts and humanities, doubting its actual and practical contribution to the society, Moyers’ answer is simple: â€Å"They are worth listening to†.How are they worth listening to? Moyers doesn’t present the Congress with a ledger of beneficial consequences, because surely he can show none. But he cites a series of quotes from such public thinkers, pointing to these quotes as something that would have taught the members of the Congress the questions shared by the people, and would have put their minds in a position to judge the status of the society in relation to the people’s capacity and reservoir of creativity. At one point he intimated that arts and humanities bring the good in people, even at least in their fantasies:â€Å"They would have heard the filmmaker David Puttnam tell how as a boy he sat through dozens of screenings of A Man for All Seasons, the story of Sir Thomas More’s fatal defiance of Henry VIII: â€Å"It allowed me the enormous conceit of walking out of the cinema thinking, ‘Yeah, I think I might have had my head cut off for the sake of a principle.’ I know absolutely I wouldn’t, and I probably never met anyone who would, but the cinema allowed me that conceit. It allowed me for one moment to feel that everything decent in me had come together.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Moyers, 2007)This quote may also be interpreted as putting premium on vicarious experience. After all, a person is not expected to experience everything that can be experienced in one lifetime. Arts and humanities provide a medium for allowing people to experience more than what their limitations (imposed by reality and self-impressions) allow them to experience. It allows people to feel a sense of empowerment, or a sense of pride that they can do much more or know much more than what they routinely experience and perceive every day.If viewed in light of the above quotation, this interpretation also says that the Congressmen would have had a wider world view, and therefore better understanding of humanity and its interactions if only they allowed themselves to be taught by arts and humanities.This is Moyer’s meaning of democracy. It is more than being concerned with the improvement of the lives of each individual; It nurtures individual freedom and ability. In other words, democracy should be more than a government structure; True democracy also uplifts humanity. In this sense, Moyer’s democracy can be equated with the principles of humanism.Moyers, taking from Cleanth Brooks of Yale, identified both the enemies and allies of democracy. The enemies of democracy are identified as the â€Å"’bastard mu ses’ propaganda which plead, sometimes unscrupulously, for a special cause or issue at the expense of the total truth; sentimentality, which works up emotional responses unwarranted by, and in excess of, the occasion; and pornography, which focuses upon one powerful human drive at the expense of the total human personality† (Moyers, 2007).To counter these, the allies of democracy must be cultivated. These include â€Å"the ‘true muses’ of moral imagination,† which not only arms us â€Å"to resist the little lies and fantasies of advertising, the official lies of power, and the ghoulish products of nightmarish minds, but also open us to the lived experience of others—to the affirmations of heightened consciousness—to empathy† (Moyers, 2007). Is Moyer speaking about the media?Moyers think that the media have left people to become mere receptacles of information, which unfortunately has been corrupted by pundits and biased, conceite d, politicized opinions, and newsfeeds pervade the society. All are fronts for specific political interests, creating principles that are anti-democracy.It is only through liberal education that a person can be liberated from circumstances that are beyond his/her control. Moyer believes that people have been institutionalized in a way that each person has become locked in a separate reality, parochial loyalties and fixed self-perceptions, and everybody becomes a stranger to everybody. Democracy will prosper only if such bonds that separate individuals from one another are destroyed in order to allow â€Å"a life of free and enriching communion† (Moyers, 2007).The present crisis does not involve the existence of problems, issues or lack of policies. The problem is the lack of conversations about the real meaning of democracy—that it is not merely a means of governance but a means of empowering and dignifying people so that they can truly attain freedom, both morally and politically. An entrusted democracy is not true democracy. Moyer thinks that it is time for the people to repossess democracy.Bill Moyers ends his speech by praising Woodrow Wilson for being advocate of democracy. This is quite a surprise for someone like Moyers who is passionate about espousing democracy in its â€Å"deeper† meaning. Woodrow Wilson, based on some of his actions, manifested an undemocratic leaning. It was he, for example, who brought to the US the Federal Reserve which controls or creates monetary policies that some would describe as undemocratic. It was he who brought troops into Mexico and who took the US into WWI.His idealism favored a top-down structure of society controlled by the elite. Lastly, Woodrow Wilson is also known for his support of the Ku Klux Klan, a domestic organization in the United States having national scope and is known for doing acts of violence to further â€Å"white supremacy†. What could be a better manifestation of anti-de mocratic sentiments than a person’s support for the freedom and equality that were the legacy of the forefathers of the United States?Moyer’s sentiments against the media, the government and the â€Å"enemies of democracy† as well as his discourse about the need to discuss the meaning of democracy, and take it from the hands of the elite are well and good but the problem is that he offers no solution in order to help the people and the society to move forward from its current undemocratic and lamentable state. Moyer’s words may have inspired many but the time when such inspiration will be turned into something more tangible is yet to come. Reference Moyer, B. (2007). Discovering What Democracy Means. Retrieved 01 May 2009 from http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/02/discovering_wha.html.

Advertising to Lgbt Community

Advertising to LGBT community: Producing ads that cater to gay audience is complex, and neither the pro- nor the anti-gay market view appears to be adequately addressing the issues. The problem seems to be that both demand that advertisements show life not â€Å"it should be† rather than how â€Å"it is†. We have observed in various case studies that we have followed in our course of ‘Integrated Marketing Communication’ that advertisers mostly tend to show lives a shade brighter than it really is, especially in those campaigns where we are trying to sell products by making the consumer feel good about themselves.This approach however leads to the LGBT invisibility and homophobic representations. Even when the LGBT people are identified as target segment or forming some part of the target segment, stereotype creeps into the picture. In the next segment, we talk about stereotype in marketplace. The Stereotype in marketplace Stereotype haunts LGBT people not o nly in streets but also in media and in marketplace. In marketplace, stereotyping may not be because of a bias or a preconceived notion about the community. It can be because of incomplete information – a bane for any marketer.For instance, we have already discussed that collecting gay and lesbian demographic data is way too difficult. Although law is more favorable and dare we say accepting to the community, cultural issues still hinder people to come all out about their ‘unconventional’ sexual and gender orientations. Now this difficulty in gathering data has consequences, such as that people of modest income and poorer people are ignored as part of the gay market. They are hence absent from gay images in marketing, as they usually are in mainstream ads.Economic stereotype An ideal gay consumer would usually be stereotyped as affluent, educated, and childless. This apparently contrasts with better representative observations of gay, lesbian, and bisexual consum ers. As the famous economics professor Lee Badgett in his paper â€Å"Income Inflation: The Myth of Affluence among Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Americans,† notes: â€Å"Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people do not earn more than heterosexual people; gay, lesbian, and bisexual people do not live in more affluent households than heterosexual eople; two studies show that gay men earn less than similarly qualified heterosexual men. Gay, lesbian, and bisexual people are found throughout the spectrum of income distribution: some are poor, a few are rich, and most are somewhere in the middle, along with most heterosexual people. † As it is widely observable fact that on an average, women get paid lesser than men in similar jobs in most part of the world, a female homosexual household would obviously be poorer than their male counterpart or a heterosexual household.Also, female homosexual couple is more likely to have children than a male homosexual household and so on. Behavioral stereotype: In media gay men are often portrayed as sissies, gaudy flamers, intimidating, always on the prowl and/or pedophilic sexual predators. Similarly lesbians are depicted mostly as misandrist feminists and (worst of all) as an object of heterosexual men’s feminine fantasies. Challenge to advertisers Big task of advertisers here, would be to distance themselves from these preconceived imagery and to produce a gay image of relevance yet recognizable.

Arming Police Officers

‘Arming’ Police Officers After the recent murders of two unarmed police officers in Greater Manchester, the question has been raised that ‘should police officers be armed’? Fiona Bone and her colleague Nicola Hughes died after going out on a routine patrol to check a reported burglary. It appeared that they were lured to the address for a deliberate attack. The question of ‘would they have survived if they had been armed’ remains unknown but many people have their opinion which I will be discussing throughout.There can be a lot of benefits and disadvantages of ‘arming’ police officers in this country which I will be discussing along with the main issues raised in the article. One of the key issues raised in the article is that the two officers of this attack may have been victims of an ‘image boosting’ crime. This is where criminals specifically target police officers to be known as ‘folk heroes’ among the criminals. SIR PETER, F. 2012. ‘This case tells us something about the nature of organised crime, the level of intimidation that it creates and the fact people sometimes see others as folk heroes for being involved in this sort of activity. The Telegraph. 18 October. This suggests that officers in this country need to have more protection for themselves when facing criminals because they just don’t know what they are going to come up against. The two police officers who died weren’t expecting any trouble and thought they could easily handle it. There has been a number of incidents where police officers have been attacked and they had no protection for themselves such as when Raoul Moat threatened to kill police officers, including shooting one in the face and leaving him blind for the rest of his life.DARREN, R. 2012. ‘How many officers need to die before the powers realise that it is the 21st century and you cannot fight crime with an outdated piece of pla stic and a bit of spray. ’ The Telegraph. 18 October. Another key issue raised in the article is that a lot of other countries are armed to fight crime whereas here in the UK, there are only specific armed response units that go to specific incidents. In the article, the two police officers were going to a regular burglary allegation, unarmed and had no protection for themselves.The arguments over whether the police should be routinely armed go back to the creation of the capital’s first force by Robert Peel in 1829. Officers in the 19th century would very often carry a gun but British policing took a different direction from Europe and America by declining to issue weapons on a routine basis. This is because he wanted the police to be members of the public, in uniform who could be easily approached by the public without them being intimidated. PHILIP, J. 2012.The reason for this was set out in Peel’s principles of policing: he regarded the police as the public in uniform. Not for us the military-style continental carabinieri of whom the general populace walk in fear and distrust. Our police, said Peel, are civilians, members of the public â€Å"who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent upon every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence†. The Telegraph. 19 September.Without the use of guns, it has made our country a less violent place than those where the police are armed. On the other hand, it leaves our police more vulnerable to the hardened criminals who are prepared to use weapons such as guns and knives on civilians and our police officers as we have seen over the recent years. There is also another main issue that comes up in the article which is many people; including police officers are passionate about the British style of policing which is remaining unarmed despite the increasing numbers of attacks on innocent police officers.A 2006 survey showed that officers were very much against the idea of being armed. JON, K. 2012. A 2006 survey of 47,328 Police Federation members found 82% did not want officers to be routinely armed on duty, despite almost half saying their lives had been â€Å"in serious jeopardy† during the previous three years. BBC news magazine. 19 September. We have to remember that incidents such as the one that happened in Greater Manchester are extremely rare as gun crime remains low.As you can see from the diagram below, there has been a rise in firearm offences in England and Wales over the years but since 2008 it has been gradually decreasing from 10,000 offences in 2008, down to 7,000 in 2010. (BBC NEWS MAGAZINE) There are many advantages and disadvantages of regularly arming police officers in this country. It allows the officers to feel protected at all times, even when they’re not expecting anything to happen. There have been many incidents where police officers have been attacked and had nothing to protect them.Givi ng them the right to carry firearms would not only protect them but to let criminals know that they’re not afraid to use them. Fewer officers may die on duty if they were better protected. However, arming the police can lead to a spiral of violence. In places where the police are not routinely armed, a portion of criminals will not arm themselves. For example, armed robbery carries a higher sentence than robbery. Once the police are armed, criminals who do not match their capability have a disadvantage, therefore, when the police become routinely armed, the criminal world fully arms itself in response.This would potentially lead into an increase in weapon possession and use. Giving police officers the right to carry firearms could also make communities feel safer. The sight of armed police officers patrolling the streets will not only scare ‘gangs’ from harassing the public but will restore communities with confidence that they are being properly protected. This could also backfire because the public may feel intimidated by the firearms and feel that they couldn’t approach a police officer.Guns could potentially place a distance between the community and the police and have a negative effect. Day to day police checks such as spot checks on cars could seem a threat to the public. Also if police officers carry a firearm, they face the likely risk of having that weapon turned on them by a criminal. This could put police officers in greater risk. In conclusion to the question of ‘arming police officers’ there are a lot of benefits which would greatly help our police officers and our community but also a lot of threats which it may cause.As we can see, there are a lot of big issues that rise from the article such as the increase of ‘image boosting’ crime which unarmed police officers are being targeted and why there are only a handful of countries including the UK whose police forces are not routinely armed. The question that still remains is should our police officers be armed? My opinion is that there are too many high risks that arming our officers may cause. I think that gun crime in England and Wales is extremely low comparing to other countries where the police are routinely armed, gun crime is higher.

Avon Calls on Foreign Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Avon Calls on Foreign Markets - Essay Example The brand name has also been changed according to needs, e.g. France. The logo appears on the Avon product. It uses celebrity in order to sell its products. Avon is for women and their needs. Foreign operation Avon was formed on 1886 and has changed its marketing strategy frequently. It did so in order to maintain its growth in the market (Alanfaya, 2006, p.1). Avon depends hugely on foreign markets .The reason was that since US market is full of retailers of beauty product there is no untapped market left where Avon can capture and increase its market share. Thus Avon decided to operate on less competitive market. The domestic market of Avon depends on the US market. The market comprises of less than 5% of the world’s population. Socio and demographic changes Avon showed a declining trend in the US market in the 1990’s. The percentage of people using make up went down drastically from 92% to 88%. The decline affected the age group between 18 to 24 years of people. They are the people who would spend money on trying new products. Yet market share dropped by 4% in 1996. One of the main reasons in the decline of demographic is the changing fashion (Dortch, 1997, p.1). Candace Corlett remarked that the youths like to look more natural. The growth in the cosmetic market is projected to grow for all age groups. From the above data, it can be analyzed that the US market is now growing. But Avon being a cosmetic organization, it is mostly preferred by women of all age group. The ratio of women is at a higher rate than males. This would prove to be beneficial for Avon as it’s mainly caters to women. The age group of 15 to 65 years is also dominated by women. Therefore this change could affect Avon in a positive way and generate more sales in US (CIA, 2011). When it comes to socio economic changes, Avon has established itself as a big brand. Avon categories itself as a global brand and caters to millions of women worldwide. Out of every 5women 2 wom en uses Avon product. Thus the socioeconomic changes would affect the business of Avon. The better economic rate of the people more business it would be able to generate. Global Recession The recession of 2008 did not affect much on the operation of Avon. But however if a recession hits again, the economy would experience a fall in real GDP which would lead to less spending of income. But Avon deals in cosmetic products and this industry is growing (Eucck, 2011). Customers demand more for a quality product and Avon is a brand which satisfies their needs. Avon’s strength lies on its direct sales. It provides recession proof employment. Thus a global recession would not affect the operation of Avon. Competitive Advantage Avon competitive advantage is that it brings products to its customers through direct sales. When the china market banned direct sales, Avon sold its product through small shops and malls (Parker, 2005, p.256). Avon has come up with an advantage business model, during the period of unemployment and recession. It provides economic advantage for most women in the world. Avon gives a better customer service than other companies. It provides the best direct sales, thus it would not be easy for its competitors to overcome such a difference and overtake Avon. It has got a wider geographic coverage. Avon is present globally; it is at a position where it can expand even more, which is also not possible for any of its competitors the product line is much more attractive than its

The Awakening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Awakening - Essay Example the dedicated artist.† (Stone, 1986) Stone is of the opinion that Edna undergoes lack of decision power as well as deficiency in perceiving the things in an accurate way. Consequently, she seeks relief in the company of these two feminine characters from where she gets encouragement and pieces of advice regarding her domestic life on the one hand, and romantic emotions on the other. Adele and Reisz represent two different generations, which have strong relationship with Edna’s birth as an artist as a result of her emotional attachment with Robert Lebrun. Edna turns towards paintings in order to express her feelings out of her love for Robert, as she undergoes quite loneliness because her businessman husband is unable to pay due heed to his wife. Stone points out the role of the objects of nature, including ocean and hills, in Edna’s life, which instigate her fervor and boast her imagination and creativity. Stone has successfully explored the positive and negative aspects of the main characters of the novel with special focus on the protagonist Edna. Joseph Church observes all the characters of the novel â€Å"The Awakening† undergoing the situation of constant conflict between reason and emotions. Consequently, the main character i.e. Edna Pontellier acts according to the counsels offered by the unmarried pianist Reisz. Chopin witnesses the same conflict in minor characters of the novel too, including the lady in black and the lovers, though their conflict is comparatively trivial one. Thus, unlike Edna Pontellier, who until the very end painfully struggles and fails to unify these two sides of Being, Mademoiselle Reisz has sought to resolve the problem decisively, however spuriously, by siding primarily with mind-as-artist, denying the mind-absorbing passionate body in herself, and then unconsciously arranging to repossess passion vicariously through the young and sensuously beautiful Edna (Church, 2008: 21) Adà ¨le also contains interest in

English Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Paper - Essay Example This can be forced or voluntary and can often have severe effects on the minority culture. Such effects may include the loss of unique traditions and or other cultural aspects. The assumption that assimilation may be considered necessary or even desirable demonstrates an ethnocentric view of the minority culture – that is, that they are judged according to the standards of the dominant culture. In the case of the Australian Aborigines, assimilation was initiated largely as a result of such ethnocentric views, as will be explained. The British colonists who arrived in Australia towards the end of the 18th century saw the Aboriginal people and their lifestyle as lazy and degenerate. Partly due to the unpredictable climate of their environment, the Aborigines had long ago chosen not to adopt an agricultural style of subsistence, instead opting for a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. (Clarke 17) As a second consideration, agriculture is more demanding than the hunter-gatherer lifestyle, because cultivation and animal husbandry take up significant amounts of time. It never occurred to the British settlers that the natives had chosen their lifestyle for specific reasons. They simply saw the Aborigines as lazy people because they did not work all day. This label has persisted in the national consciousness of Australia and is still not completely eradicated in the present day (Clarke 18). Lingering attitudes such as these indicate that the incomplete understanding that began in the 18th century is still a part of modern Aus tralia. In the nineteenth century the welfare of the natives was not an issue in the minds of settlers, and they were often exploited as well. The following passage highlights not only practices of kidnapping and mutilation, but also the prevailing attitude of the settlers towards the natives: Aboriginal men and women were routinely kidnapped to

Behavior management Inventory Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Behavior management Inventory - Case Study Example I’m not coming and you can’t make me!† I think this is probably the best way to handle this, because there is already a conflict and it gives the student an out. They can choose to keep their ‘pride’ and continue to be defiant by going to the principal’s office, or by simply following the instructions in class. Over one-half of your class is constantly asking, â€Å"Will this be on the test? How many pages does it have to be? Can I use a pencil? Does neatness count? Is it due at the beginning or at the end of class?† You set up a rule forbidding such questions, but they keep coming anyway. This situation should eventually stop the questions, hopefully, because the students will learn that they aren’t getting any new information by asking those kinds of questions. If a question isn’t addressed by those groundrules, it is either a good one or could be added to the groundrules. It also sets up a positive culture where the students know what is and isn’t important to me as a teacher. Micky hasn’t done his homework in over six weeks. He always has an excuse such as he lost it, he left it at home, or his baby sister ripped it up. He has a difficult time reading and comprehending and seldom participates in class. You have discussed the matter with Micky and have met with Micky and his mother who works second shift. Still the homework is never done. Obviously in this situation Micky is having trouble with the school work, and his family can be of little help. But he also has to understand that the classroom community has expectations, and doing homework is one of them. By eventually putting him in detention for missing so many homeworks it at least gives him time where he has no excuse and forces him to do some, so I can see where he is and where he needs more

Civil society and religious figures in Saudi Arabia Literature review

Civil society and religious figures in Saudi Arabia - Literature review Example The conference report stated that in Saudi Arabia, â€Å"all non-governmental organizations are controlled by the state in a way or another, and they do not have their full independence† (p. 3). According to the report, many official authorities supervise CSOs and interfere in the elections of their board of directors; they also oversee the audit and financial accounts of these organizations. 2-4 Nature of civil society, what is it, its history, how did it affect western policy when it was first applied, what changes occurred in the west. Definition and nature of civil society There are several forms of democracy that involve varying levels of citizenship participation. What distinguishes civil society is its role as channel for deliberation, which is essentially different from voting and negotiation. Voting is the mere aggregation of preferences, and negotiation or bargaining involves voluntary coordination across different groups; these are essentially procedural, however, a nd reflect opinions already arrived at and distributions of power already established (Heller, 2013, 1). Deliberation, on the other hand, is â€Å"decision making by discussion among free and equal citizens (Elster 1998, 1 in Heller, 2013, 1). By deliberating, citizens and civil society organisations debate the issues before preferences can be solidified, thus act to inform and evaluate prior to taking positions on any side of the debate, making it a better alternative than voting. Also, deliberation allows participants to adjust their preferences by introducing new information, contexts, conceptualisations and understanding into what is essentially the decision-making process and creates a better coordination process than bargaining. History and development of civil society â€Å"Civil society† as a term originated during the times of the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, although in these contexts the phrase was associated more with the state. The term was however disc ontinued from usage in the mid-1800s because of the shift in the attention of political philosophers to the repercussions and implications of the industrial revolution. In post-World War II, Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci revived the term to mean the society of citizens as the core of autonomous political activity, specifically in rebellion against tyranny. All these notwithstanding, civil society gained a new meaning in the 1990s when the term again resurfaced as globalisation spread throughout the various nations (Carothers, 1999, 19). Effects of civil society on western policy Heller (2013) views civil society as a reaction of grassroots elements to the growing tide of globalisation and marginalisation of representative democracy and bureaucratic organisation, which the author describes as having suffered in terms of legitimacy and effectiveness. There have generally been two responses to this development. First is the push towards â€Å"good governance† whereby the stat e and institutions such as the market are made self-regulating and thus insulated against politics. Under this situation, however, the voice of the people – a.k.a. democracy – is reduced to the ballot every election period, and nothing more. Another response, which the author views as a better alternat

Organizational Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Organizational Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, there are select Nordstrom stores that have furnishing and wedding departments and it is known as one of the most popular fashionable stores in the United States. Nordstrom Inc Company is big in size and has a variety of operating stores in different states. It has 252 stores which function in 34 states which consist of 117 full line stores and 132 Nordstrom Racks (Spector and McCarthy, 2012). The Nordstrom Company has future plans of opening 5 stores in Canada by 2014. The company competes with a number of luxury retailers such as Marcus, Lord and Taylor, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bloomingdale’s, and Dillard’s are in competition with Nordstrom’s, but do not carry the same high quality merchandise (Spector and McCarthy, 2012). Nordstrom has the largest number of stores and the largest geographic footprint. All of these retailers offer items such as jewelry, cosmetics, perfume, clothing, shoes, and accessories. Nordstrom is rated as a chief department store in the United States. According to Spector and McCarthy (2012) Nordstrom’s mission statement values the prosperity that diversity contributes to the workforce; thus, efficient service to the clients (Spector and McCarthy, 1996). Nordstrom’s mission is all about supporting their employees in order to give their customers quality services. They are focused in providing outstanding services to their client in order to remain on top. They hire and train the best staff in order to realize their mission of provision of effective service at all times (Spector and McCarthy, 1996). They value both their clients and employees and that is why they will always remain on top of their competitors. The role of the HR in fostering the organization’s mission statement is by hiring qualified staff and equipping them with the right knowledge in order to serve their customers excellently (Spector, 2005). Moreover, the HR can also train the staff occasionally on how to handle their cli entele and treat them with due respect and this will create conducive environment for them to serve the clients well. Moreover, the HR should make sure that the Nordstrom employees are well paid and this will make them feel valued an appreciated and they will do their work of serving customers outstandingly. Nordstrom serves wealthy customers in the United States. It has a highly trained staff that provides customers with superior customer service that no other store can compete on their level. They strive to make every customer’s experience enjoyable and upscale, so that the customer feels as if they are treating themselves upon every visit to the store. Nordstrom’s stocks are inclined to be more fashionable and upscale for their exclusive customers. Nordstrom also offers exceptional delivery on products upon request from a customer. Nordstrom’s carries a wide-ranging inventory on its floor, offering choices for men, women, and children (Spector and McCarthy, 2 012). Nordstrom faces challenges just like other retailers face in the current retail climate. Their number one challenge would be the downturn in the economy particularly because Nordstrom sells high end products. Nonetheless, Nordstrom is able to meet this challenge head on by making a customer’s experience rousing and fashionable, so as the clients feel owned y the organization’s management (Spector, 2005). One big challenge being faced by Nordstrom is the economy. This is forcing the HR department

Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Marketing Management - Assignment Example The element of self-image is encompassed among many personal attributes like perceptions and attitudes, as well as many others that influence an individual’s decision making process. The element of self-image can be termed as a highly reliable predictor of consumer choices. Many consumers make choices based on their personal desires despite having other social factors influencing their buying decisions (Aghdaie and Khatami 134). A consumer will purchase products that they feel provide them with value for money based on their perceptions of self, making self-image a predictor of consumer purchasing behaviour. The consumer market for briefcases would be mainly focused on considering the reasons why the market is involved in purchasing briefcases. This would involve the consideration of the persons involved in conducting the direct purchase of briefcases. It would be essential for the marketers to understand the times when the products are bought the most in order to use this period for maximising sales. After determining these critical factors the marketers can focus on delivering the briefcases to outlets that have prospects of selling briefcases. Aghdaie, Seyed Fathollah Amiri, and Farhad Khatami. â€Å"Investigating the Role of Self Confidence and Self-Image Proportion in Consumer Behavior.† International Journal of Marketing Studies 6.4 (2014): 133–143.

Hurricane Hits England and Search For My Tongue Essay Example for Free

Hurricane Hits England and Search For My Tongue Essay Compare how a persons culture is shown to be important in Hurricane Hits England and in one other poem. In both Hurricane Hits England and Search For My Tongue, the poems explore the theme of culture being important to person, both poems approach this theme in different ways. In Hurricane Hits England, the poet uses the method of flashbacks to explore the theme, whereas Search For My Tongue approaches this theme by putting us in the authors shoes. In Hurricane Hits England, the subject matter is based around the serious hurricane that hit Southern England 1987. This is a very rare life force that is unusual in this country, more frequently occurring in the Caribbean. This storm in England reminds Nichols about her culture and this life force has been able to break the frozen lake within her. This shows us, the reader her culture is important to her, by creating a fusion of human life and natural life forces; Talk to me HuracanTalk to me Shango. These gods that she is calling out to us the reader, makes us also think that she is trying to create a chant as if she sees the hurricane as both Fearful and reassuring. Although she is happy that the hurricane has come for it has been able to help her discover her culture again, she is also reminded about what damage this life force can do to a country, physically and emotionally. The poet is using this event in England to help call her back-home cousin. This is another reminder to us the reader that she wants this occasion to be a flashback of what would have happened if she was in the Caribbean. However, she knows that this is not the same as the storms in the Caribbean, as the trees are falling heavy as whales. This simile is used to represent the different types of ecosystems around the world, how different trees have different properties. If you go to the Caribbean, the types of trees are mainly palm trees, with the properties of having flexible bark. However, in England the types of trees are Oak and Pine which are quite heavy and inflexible. This makes the trees unsuitable for this type of weather, making this experience still remind the poet about her culture, but seeing this weather as a new experience. In Search For My Tongue, the way the poets shows us how culture is important to her is done in different ways, by showing us how it is to be in another country and not be able to express your mother tongue. In this poem, she describes how she is scared of loosing her mother tongue, how it would rot and she will have to spit it out. This demonstrates how her language is a very important part of her culture and heritage and during the first stanza in the poem; the use of botanical imagery shows a mood of death and decay. She explains how she could not create a hybrid tongue, the use of both languages; You could not use them both together. This botanical imagery is then used to help the re-growth of her mother tongue while she is having a dream; munay hutoo kay The way how she portrays this stanza of the poem, not only gives the impression of her doing a chant but also had a lyrical feeling towards it. This is then an awakening for her mother tongue to grow, thus rediscovering language and culture is obviously important to the poet. The final stanza is probably the most enlightening and meaningful stanza in the entire poem, for it finally concludes how culture can be extremely important to people and make them the way they are; the bud opens in my mouth. The use of botanical imagery has now been used to firstly represent death and decay, to now being represent growth and re-birth. This use of assonance in the last stanza also helps to change the mood of the entire poem, giving it a more positive feel to the poem; blossoms out of my mouth. This line not only tells us that she is happy with the culture that she has re-discovered, but it also means that she has found the item that she had lost; her tongue. We know this from the title of the poem Search For My Tongue. In conclusion, both of these poems have been able to show how a past culture can be important to a persons character and future growth. This could teach all of us a moral lesson, by telling us that culture is important to everybodys feeling of self by making it mould our characters to what we are today. In both these poems, they might have used different methods to portray these themes, with the outcome giving off the same message.

Linguistic Devices Essay Example for Free

Linguistic Devices Essay Both Sun and Independent use linguistic devices. Both Sun and Independent are about the same subject about Clare Short, who is an ex-Cabinet Minister. Clare Short was accused of treachery; she was accused of leaking secrets about the UKs National Security. Both newspapers present the case against her in different ways. The Sun and Independent are reporting on Clare Shorts words according to Sun she was damaging the interest of the UK. In the Independent she was accused the blame about the Iraq war. The Suns headline is big and striking but in The Independent it is small and not as striking. The headline in The Sun had lots of premodifiers self-serving irresponsible discredited and bitter but on The Independent it rarely uses any. The tabloid used premodifiers in the title to show biased views unlike broadsheet newspaper, which shows different opinion to the audience. The Independent uses names in the title to identify who they are talking about. This is more informative. Both newspapers had pictures. Generally, The Sun had bigger pictures than The Independent. The Sun gives a big negative picture, which gives the audience a negative impression that she is guilty. On the other hand The Independent gives fairly good impression of Clare Short and as if she is explaining her thoughts. Tabloid only has a caption that shows a more one-sided approach, under fire where Clare Short has to defend herself. However in the Independent it has captions for Clare Short and Turnbull. This shows that the Independent is focusing on both sides of the argument. Independent uses informative rather than the accusation language of The Sun. When the Independent makes their point there is no naming people. The Sun uses slang and colloquial language to grab the readers attention. Sun also writes this to entertain the audience. Whilst in The Independent they use Standard English, their purpose is to inform and explain to the reader. The Sun avoids complex sentences so as not to confuse the reader whilst in Independent uses more complex sentences and punctuation to inform the reader. The Sun uses less complex vocabulary; however in Independent they use more complex vocabulary. The Independent uses complex vocabulary so that reader trusts newspapers because they sound sophisticated. The Sun manipulates readers opinion about Clare Short is negative by use of premodifiers like ranting, and angry. Sun gives a positive impression of Turnbull to the reader by not criticising Turnbull much. However in the Independent they are accusing Turnbull of giving a letter and threatening Clare Short. In The Sun the writer suggests that he says damaging the interest of the UK. This reinforces that it is relevant to the UK viewers. The Sun newspaper had a sidebar saying Page 3 ban doomed Clare Short failed to doom the Suns page. This strengthens readers feeling against Clare Short. This sidebar is only connected to the story because of Clare Short. In the Independent the sidebar was a letter from Sir A. Turnbull. This is additional information. The Independent uses Standard English. On the other hand The Sun uses colloquial language. An example of Standard English is there had been unease across Whitehall over the legality of the war without a second UN resolution. This is very easy to understand and avoids colloquial language. Examples of colloquial language are tore into and rock bottom. Those who enjoy reading tabloid newspapers find language easy and broadsheet readers are able to accept the formal language. In The Sun the writer quotes Jonathan Dimbleys questions rather than Clare Shorts answers. This is able to bias the readers opinion more, if they quote Clare Short less. However, The Independent uses long quotations from Clare Short. This gives the readers more freedom to decide their own opinion. Both newspapers use very different linguistic devices and different means of presentation to give the audience different opinions. The photographs are different; The Sun gives less attractive picture than the Independent.

Key characteristics of life-span development

Key characteristics of life-span development Erik Erikson suggests that development is a life-long continuous process in which gains and losses in development occur throughout the life cycle. This challenges the concept of critical periods in Freuds theory. Development is multidimensional: Development occurs in the biological, cognitive, and social domains. The biological domain includes the physical changes an individual experiences throughout the course of their life. This would include growth and development in the body. An example of the biological aspect is hormonal changes during puberty. Puberty is the point in time where the development of sexual characteristics begins, and will allow these humans to become sexually active and be able to produce gametes for reproduction. The challenges an adolescence might face going through puberty is the need to adapt to changes occurring to the physical body, emotional changes such as feeling self-conscious about their changing body, and mental changes such as developing the capacity for abstract thought and problem-solving. Development is multidirectional: Some aspects of development may be increasing while others are declining or remains unchanged. For example, during late adulthood, older adults might become wiser with age but they perform more poorly than younger adults on tasks that require speed in processing information. Development is plastic: Development can be modified by life circumstances to some extent. According to Paul Baltes, humans have the capacity of plasticity or positive change to environmental difficulties throughout life.  For example, an individual who grew up in a broken home environment with an abusive father may turn out fine and do well in adulthood as the issues get healed along the lifespan. Development is dependent on history and context: Development is influenced by historical conditions. The historical time period in which we grow up affects our development. For example, children in early, middle or late childhood who grew up amidst a war may experience a lack in moral development when compared to those who grew up in a safe and stable environment. The children may grow up having altered functioning in the cognitive, behavioral, social and emotional aspect of their development. Development is multidisciplinary: Development is studied by a number of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, neuroscience, and medicine. For example in medicine, one area of biological research which has significant importance for development is looking into slowing down the aging process. Their focus is in anti-aging foods and drugs which can reverse the biological effects of aging and some already have shown significant effects in animal studies. Development is contextual: Development occurs in the context of a persons biological makeup, physical environment, and social, historical, and cultural contexts normative age-graded influences: biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group (e.g., puberty, beginning school) normative history-graded influences: biological and environmental influences that are associated with history; influences that are common to people of a particular generation. An example is when the Singapore Government implemented the Stop at two child policy in 1969 to help control the rapid population growth. It had succeeded in significantly reducing the population however, it had influenced women greatly as they started to pursue careers before having children and this gave rise to numerous University graduated women failing to marry and bear offspring. non-normative life events: unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individuals life; the occurrence, pattern, and sequence of these events are not applicable to most individuals (e.g., death of a parent at a young age, getting a serious illness, winning a lottery) Development Involves Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss The mastery of life often involves conflicts and competition among three goals of human development: growth, maintenance, and regulation. Growth starts early on in life from infancy through late adulthood. Maintenance and regulation follows after that around middle and late adulthood as individuals capacities take centre stage. This is the time of maintaining skills and minimizing deterioration. Theme 2 Biological Processes Biological processes involve changes in an individuals physical nature. Examples of biological processes includes, brain development, height and weight gains, changes in motor skills, hormonal and changes occurring in puberty. I will be focusing on the biological process of puberty which occurs during adolescence. Puberty is a time of maturation of the reproductive system and hormonal changes occurring in the brain. During puberty, in the case of males, a hormone called testosterone which are responsible for physical and behavioral masculinization, are released. Studies that use data on adolescents have generally found positive correlations between testosterone levels and aggressive or anti social behavior. Research on adolescents has also found that higher testosterone levels in adolescents is associated with increased sexual activity (Halpern, et al., 1998), age at first sexual intercourse (Dunne et al, 1997), increased criminal activity (Booth and Osgood, 1993), increased tobacco and alcohol use (Zitzmann and Nieschlag, 2001). In terms of criminal behavior, Dabbs et al. (1995) conducted a fascinating study of 692 male prison inmates, finding testosterone related to type of crime and to behavior in priso n. Testosterone was highest among inmates convicted of child molestation, rape, homicide, and assault, and it was lowest among inmates convicted of burglary, theft, and drug offences. In relation to Eriksons theory, in stage 5 of his Psychosocial theory which identifies the crisis of identity vs. identity confusion, this is a time of trying out new things till the adolescence establishes a personal identity or fails doing so and ends up being confuse with his role in life. Cognitive Processes Cognitive processes involve changes in the individuals thought, intelligence, and language. According to Piagets Cognitive Development Theory, children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through 4 stages of cognitive development. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth 2 years) The first stage of cognitive development is where infants are able to construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical (motor) actions. For example, when an object is place in the infants hand and touches its palm, the fingers will then close and grasp it. This is known as the palmar grasps reflex. Preoperational Stage(2 7 years) The second stage is where thought becomes more symbolic, egocentric, and intuitive rather than logical, however, it is not operational. For example, the child is able to conduct symbolic play in which the children pretend that one object is another. To quote an example, little girls at this stage would conduct role play of a tea party in which they assign soft toys (symbols) roles representing their mother and father. To demonstrate egocentrism of the child at this stage, Piaget conducted the three mountains task in which children were asked to select a picture that showed the three mountains from their viewpoint. The children had little problems selecting the correct picture. However, when asked to select a picture from someone elses viewpoint, the children ended up selecting the same picture which showed their own viewpoint. This showed the childrens inability to understand things from another persons perspective. Concrete Operational Stage (7 11 years) This is the stage where logic begins to develop and thus the child is able to reason logically about concrete events and able to recognize the concept of conservation. For example, children in the concrete operational stage is able to distinguish that the volume of water in a tall and narrow cup is equivalent to that in the short and wide cup when equal amounts are poured from the same container. However, the child is unable to think hypothetically and have difficulty understanding abstract concepts. Formal Operational Stage (11 years adulthood) In this stage, the child is able to reason in a more abstract, idealistic and logical manner. The child is able to think theoretically and hypothetically in which the latter is important in subjects such as mathematics and science. The child is less egocentric and thus is able to understand things in a different perspective. The child is also able to conduct deductive reasoning where he is able to reason from generalities to specifics. Socioemotional Processes Socioemotional processes involve changes in the individuals relationships with other people, changes in personality and emotions. Eriksons Psychosocial Theory states that the primary motivation for human behavior is social and, reflects a desire to affiliate with other people. Erikson views development as a lifelong process consisting of a unique developmental task that confronts individual with a crisis that requires resolution. Failure to do so would result in possible negative outcomes in adulthood. Eriksons 8 stages of human development: Trust vs. Mistrust ( 0 1 year) In this stage, the infant is learning to trust others and the world. Trust is established when babies are given adequate and consistent warmth, loving touch and physical care. However, mistrust can develop if inadequate, inconsistent care is given by cold, indifferent and rejecting parents. Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt ( 1-3 years) Autonomy is the independence developed when toddlers are encouraged by their parents for doing things by themselves (e.g. putting on shoes) versus the shame and doubt if the caregiver were to reprimand the child for not being able to do the task promptly. Initiative vs. Guilt ( 3- 5 years) This is an extension of the second stage where, initiative develops when the pre-school-going child is encouraged to explore and take on new challenges versus the guilt that the child may experience if the parents criticize, prevent play or discourages asking questions. Industry vs. Inferiority ( 6 12 years) This is in the context of primary school where the child is supported or praised by teachers for doing for productive activities versus the inferiority that may occur if the childs efforts are regarded as inadequate or messy. Identity vs. Role confusion ( 10 20 years) The teenage years involve the need to establish a consistent personal identity versus role confusion where the adolescence is unsure of the direction he is heading. Intimacy vs. Isolation (20s , 30s) In this stage, intimacy develops when the individual begins establishing mature relationships with friends, family and eventually a lover or a spouse as he or she has the ability to care for others and sharing experiences with them. However, isolation develops when the individual is deemed as a loner and uncared for in his or her life. There is a relationship between this stage and the first stage which was trust vs. mistrust. For example, if an infant receives consistent tender loving care from the caregivers, trust would be developed and thus this would likely lead to the individual developing functional relationships in his adult life and vice versa, if the infant developed mistrust in his first year of life due to neglect from caregiver, there is a likelihood that the individual might end up being solitary in adulthood. Generativity vs Stagnation (40s , 50s) Generativity refers to the interest in guiding the next generation in terms of passing on values and traditions versus stagnation where the individual is only concerned with their individual needs and thus values are lost. Examples would be those who are single and/or married without children. Integrity vs. despair ( 60s onwards) Integrity occurs when the individual reflects upon life and has no regrets as they have lived a rich and responsible life versus despair where the individual views previous life events with regrets and experiences heartache and remorse. Theme 3 Nature vs. Nurture The nature-nurture controversy involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture. Nature is a product of genetic or prenatal environment where children are born with certain behaviors that are innate and are inborn biases. Nurture on the other hand, is the effects of certain experiences depending on the individuals perception. Genetically, some people are born with defects in their genes that can affect their brain function and emotions. Environmentally, severe cruel treatment of small children can create predispositions to becoming afflicted with no empathy and abnormal behaviors. Jean-Jacques Rousseau believes in noble savages where children were naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong and with an innate plan for orderly, healthy growth. On the contrary, the tabula rasa view by John Locke states that Children are born as blank slates and acquire characteristics through experience. This theory favors the nurture aspect of the debate with regards to ones personality, intelligence, social and emotional behavior. I would like to highlight on Schizophrenic serial killers. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests as auditory  hallucinations,  paranoid  or bizarre  delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction.  The disease is mostly genetically inherited as those having a first-degree relative with the disease are at a higher risk of developing it. An example of a notorious serial killer suffering from this disease is Ed Gein. He was not only known for brutally killing two women but for exhuming their corpses from local graveyards and fashioned trophies and keepsakes from their bones and skin. It was the horrific way of mutilation and the bizarre display of body parts in his home that raises questions as to why someone would do such a cruel act. Ed grew up in a strict and religious family with the presence of both parents in the household. A shy, effeminate boy, the younger Gein became a target for bullies. To make matters worse, his mother punished him whenever he tried to make friends. She also abused him and his brother. Despite his poor social development, he did fairly well in school, particularly in reading. Death in the family followed as firstly, his father died and then his brother and followed by his mother. All these environmental factors accounts for the abnormal behavioral patterns elicited by Ed. Therefore in this example, we cant safely determine that traits of a serial killer are purely genetic (nature) or purely environmental (nurture).However it is the interaction between these two traits that causes development of such a behavior. Continuity vs. Discontinuity This issue focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).Developmentalists who emphasize nurture describe development as a gradual, continuous process whereas those who emphasizes nature often describe development as a series of distinct stages. For example, Freuds stage model of psychosexual development, theorized that children systematically move through distinct stages of oral, anal, phallic, and latency stages before reaching mature adult sexuality in the genital stage. Proponents of stage theories of development also suggest that individuals go through critical periods, which are times of increased and favored sensitivity to particular aspects of development. For example, early childhood (the first 5 years) is a critical period for language acquisition. Thus, most adults find it difficult or impossible to master a second language during their adult years while young children raised in bilingual homes normally learn second languages easily during childhood. Theorist Erik Erikson expanded upon Freuds ideas by proposing a  stage theory of psychosocial development.  Eriksons theory focused on conflicts that arise at different stages of development and, unlike Freuds theory, Erikson described development throughout the lifespan.. Stability vs. Change This issue involves the degree to which we become older renditions of our early experience or we develop into someone different from who we were at an early point in development. Many developmentalists who emphasize stability in development argue that stability is the result of heredity and possibly early experiences in life. Relating back to the above example of Ed Gein, he grew up socially introverted as he was discouraged making friends by his mother. In this case, he has attained stability where his personal experiences early on in childhood became a catalyst for who he would turn out to be in adulthood a serial killer. On the contrary, developmentalists who emphasize change take the more optimistic view that later experiences can produce change. I would like to quote the example of Liz Murray better known for being Homeless to Harvard. Murray grew up in the Bronx, New York to poor, drug addicted, and HIV-positive parents. She overcame hardships in her youth and struggled her way to achieve success and was accepted into Harvard University. Such, is an example of change that can occur later on in life and proves that early experiences can shape us in different ways. Theme 4 With regards to my friends extreme view that Eriksons psychosocial perspective was sufficient in describing human life span development, I disagree to that statement as they are many other theories to consider before making a conclusion as to which was sufficient. Psychoanalytic theories: The basis of Eriksons psychosocial theory is influenced by Freuds psychosexual theory. Eriksons works on extending Freuds theory as he found that Freuds ideas lacked vital social dimensions, and through his research and findings, it provided a key for his biopsychosocial perspective. Eriksons view of human development was life-long through his 8 stages which occur throughout life whereas; Freuds view of development was through critical periods which consist of the 5 stages at adolescent. Freud proposed that in the first stage, if the nursing childs appetite were thwarted during any  libidinal  development stage, the  anxiety  would persist into adulthood as a  neurosis  (functional mental disorder). If an  infant is not fed enough (neglected) or fed too much (over-protected) in the course of being nursed, it may result in the child growing up as an orally fixated adult. Oral-stage fixation may have one of two effects: (i) the underfed or neglected child might become a psychologically dependent adult continually seeking the oral stimulation denied in infancy, thereby becoming a manipulative person in fulfilling his or her needs, rather than maturing to independence; (ii) the over-protected or over-fed child might resist growing up and return to being dependent upon others. Example of the former would be an individual who grows up to be an orally fixated adult who is an over-eater or a smoking addict to compensate for the insufficient oral stimulation as an infant. On the contrary, the latter is an individual who grows up to be dependent on others and demanding satisfaction through acting helpless, crying and being needy. Therefore this highlights the importance of critical periods in Freuds stage theory. In Eriksons theory on the other hand, it presented individuals with a crisis at each stage where, depending on how one handle the challenge, it will result in positive or negative outcomes which can significantly affect ones personality and development. The benefits of this theory is that it emphasizes on the eight character-forming crisis stages, the concept also asserts that humans continue to change and develop throughout their lives, and that personality is not exclusively formed during early childhood years. It is certainly a view that greatly assists encouraging oneself and others to see the future as an opportunity for positive change and development, instead of looking back with blame and regret. The better that people come through each crisis, the better they will tend to deal with what lies ahead, but this is not to say that all is lost and never to be recovered if a person has had a negative experience during any particular crisis stage. However with every theory, there are limitations and this includes Eriksons theory. One of which is its ambiguous terms and concepts which can have several interpretations. Another reason is its lack of precision as some terms cannot be easily measure empirically. The experiences in some stages may only apply to males and not females. Cognitive theories: Piagets cognitive development theory presented cognitive development through 4 stages focusing on sensory experiences and physical actions (sensorimotor skills) and this provided the importance of examining developmental changes in childrens thinking. Vygotsky on the other hand, added a social and cultural aspect to his cognitive theory naming it the Sociocultural cognitive theory. He gave emphasize on social interaction and culture in shaping a childs cognitive process. He stresses that knowledge is not generated from within, but rather constructed through interaction with persons and cultural objects (such as books, computers). Banduras social cognitive theory focuses on the importance of environment to an individuals behavior. He emphasized the process of observational learning though imitation or modeling where people cognitively represent the behavior of others and adopt this behavior themselves. Information -processing theory emphasizes that human beings are active information processors that bring forth the process of thinking and thus learning good strategies for processing information is crucial. There are many factors that can affect human life span development and this includes the developmental processes in 3 key areas namely biological, cognitive and socioemotional. These three processes work hand in hand in the development of an integrated individual with a mind and body that are interdependent. The different theories address the different aspects of development and thus we cant conclude that only the Erikson theory best describes human development. Instead, adopting an eclectic approach is more accurate as it selects the best features from each theory. For example, Freuds theory best explains the unconscious mind while Eriksons theory best describes development being a life-long process and highlights the changes occurring in each stage. Piagets theory views cognitive development through sensorimotor and operational stages. Vygotsky added a social and cultural aspect to it and information-processing theory views humans as being capable to actively process information. C ombining the three cognitive theories provided a holistic approach to cognitive development. Behavioral and social cognitive theories such as Banduras, provided environmental influences on development. In conclusion, there is not one theory that can adequately explain human development but rather adopting an eclectic approach provided the best solution in holistically understanding human development.

The Guardian vs. The Mirror :: Papers

The Guardian vs. The Mirror I am doing an investigation into the statistical differences between the daily tabloid newspapers, and the weekly broadsheet newspapers. My overall hypothesis is that the daily tabloid papers - here represented by the Saturday edition of The Mirror, a daily tabloid - make an easier read than the more comprehensive broadsheet - here represented by the Guardian, a weekly broadsheet - To reach a conclusion, I plan to test three hypothesise in specific area. I will use a range of sampling methods, and presentation of data, in order to form valid conclusions. Planning 1 - My hypothesis is that the number of letters per word will be greater in the Guardian than in the Mirror. Number of letters - I will count the number of letters in every fourth word. In order to make my calculations accurate enough to reach a valid conclusion, I must collect a minimum of twenty pieces of data from each newspaper. I was planning to collect data from fourth word, in the first sentence on each page. However, if my second hypothesis is correct, then the sentences in the Guardian will be longer than those in The Mirror. This would corrupt the results, as some would be more accurate than others. So, I have decided to take the fourth and the eighth word from the first article on each page. The sections of each paper I have chosen are twenty-five pages long, so this will provide more than enough data to support any conclusion I reach, and should incorporate all sections of each newspaper. I will display my results in a data frequency chart. Then I will use averages and histograms, to compare the results and draw my conclusion. 2 - My second hypothesis is that the number of words per sentence will be fewer in The Mirror than in the Guardian. Number of words - I'll count the number of words in the first sentence, on each page. In order to make my calculations accurate enough to reach a valid

Why Should People Choose a Healthy Lifestyle Essay -- Healthy Lifestyl

You are driving in your car when suddenly your stomach rumbles. You are hungry. Do you decide to pick up some fast food or go home and spend the time to make yourself a meal? Let us assume we do not have the time to create our own meal. When you get to the restaurant of your choice, do you park in the closest parking spot to the door or do you simply use the drive-through? What do you choose to eat? Is it something processed and frozen or do you choose something made fresh? After eating your food you decide to go to the mall. You pass advertisements of smiling thin happy models. You need to get to the second floor. Do you take the elevator, the escalator, or the stairs? These are choices we face every day that can impact our lives today, tomorrow, and even further into our future. Children follow our examples. If we are faced with these choices daily so are they. How can we make our lifestyle more healthy not only for ourselves, but also future generations? A more healthy lifestyle i s established through balanced priorities, strong mental health, and good role models. Priorities throughout life whether financial, educational, or physical help to create a longer and more balanced lifestyle. With so many false pictures portrayed around the world through the Internet and social media of how a body should look, it is not surprising that many individuals pay more attention to the weight on the scale, than they do to muscle mass and other factors that may more significantly impact their overall health. Photoshopped billboards and fashion models lead to an impossible expectations unrealistic of how a â€Å"normal† human body should appear. As Natasha Turner said, â€Å"It’s not your actual weight on the scale that matters most for overall healt... ... Student Research Center. Web. 9 Nov. 2015. Kane, Anthony. â€Å"A Parent’s Job As A Role Model.† Healthy Place 2011: n.pag. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. â€Å"Nutrition & Weight Control for Longevity.† (2012): 1-46. Student Research Center. Web. 29 Nov. 2015. â€Å"Poverty Kills: Health Depends on Wealth.† Huntsville Forester 26 Sept. 2013: n.pag. Student Research Center. Web. 1 Nov. 2015. Richardson, Vanessa. â€Å"A Fit Body Means A Fit Mind.† Edutopi. The George Lucas Educational Foundation. n.d. Web. 10 Nov. 2015. Small, Gary. â€Å"Can Exercise Cure Depression.† Brain Bootcamp Sept. 2010: n.pag. Psychology Today, 2013. Web. 5 Nov. 2015. Tecco, Armand. â€Å"Why is Exercise Important.† Health Discovery, HealthDiscovery.net, 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. Turner, Natasha. â€Å"Are You Skinny Fat?† Chatelaine 86.10 (Oct. 2013): n. pag. Student Research Center. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

Development Of The Submarine :: essays research papers

Development of the Submarine Throughout history, navies have made significant impacts in the technological development of human kind. These impacts range from improvements in metal technologies made while perfecting the cannon to the advent of cybernetics, which allowed more precise targeting of weaponry. One of the more sophisticated developments in naval history has been the invention of the submarine. The submarine was born in 1620 as a leather-covered rowboat built by Cornelius Drebbel. After Robert Fulton came up with a more modern prototype in 1800, the military advantages of a nearly invisible warship were quickly divined. However, they remained unrealized for quite a while. Although Fulton probably foresaw that his invention would be used for war, he hardly could have envisioned it launching projectiles with the capability to level entire countries. However, after a series of innovations in nuclear missile and submarine designs, the submarine-launched ballistic missile has become an integral part of our naval weapons arsenal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the need for the development of nuclear missile submarines, there is a need to examine the political climate of the world in the era after World War II. The realignment of the superpowers after the war resulted in a unique situation. The two major naval powers of the day, Great Britain and the United States, were now allied against the greatest land power in history in the Soviet Union. In the period from 1955 to 1965, the advantage was heavily in favor of the U.S. As the United States had developed the atomic and hydrogen bombs first, they obviously gained a head start which developed into a decisive nuclear advantage. This advantage acted as an effective deterrent to any Soviet movement into Western Europe. However, as the Soviet nuclear arsenal expanded (mostly during the Kennedy administration), it became necessary to effect a balance in the area of conventional warfare or to make more inroads in nuclear weapons development. Before this could be accomplished, however, advancements in submarine technology had to made as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The submarines of World War II, although effective in their roles, were rather primitive. A noisy, slow, shallow-diving sub would hardly be a capable missile submarine as it could be easily detected and destroyed. Even so, before the end of the war, there were intelligence reports in America that the German Navy had developed a U-boat capable of towing or carrying V-2 rockets to launch sites near the U.S. east coast. Although these reports turned out to be false, the Germans had been developing a type of submersible barge to tow V-2s. This scare prompted the American development of ballistic missile submarines.

Evolution Of Human Resource Management Functions

During the early phases of the industrial revolution, employees who worked in mills had to undergo highly rough conditions where they were underpaid and had to work for long hours under really hapless conditions of hygiene. These conditions outraged the employees who worked in such mills and they initiated labour public violences. As a consequence of these public violences the authorities intervened to supply basic protection for labours or employees of such mills. This was done through the debut of statutory ordinances and all mill proprietors were required to follow with these statutory ordinances. As a consequence the mill proprietors were forced to put up a section to look into employee rewards, employee public assistance and to turn to other issues refering labour. This led to the development of Personnel Management. The development of Human Resource Management could be said to hold started with the industrial revolution when mills had established forces sections to look in to rewards and public assistance of employees. It could be said that the Personnel Management attack gave manner to the Human Resource Approach. Forces Administration: Personnel Administration concerns twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities and bing jobs of employees. Personnel Administration could be identified as a reactive tool. Scientific Management: Scientific Management suggests there is a particular or a best manner of making things. In Scientific Management human existences were considered as machines, their feelings and attitudes were disregarded. The chief purpose of Scientific Management was merely to maximise the productiveness of the organisation. Human Relations Motion: Human Relations Movement ever anticipated the hereafter unexpected happenings before sing the current issues and believed in synergism. Government Regulations: Government Regulations were put into topographic point so that all employees would at least acquire basic protection from basic signifiers of unjust intervention. There are chiefly four Acts of the Apostless which were put into topographic point for this intent. Equal Pay Act ( 1970 ) – This act prohibits and less favourable intervention between work forces and adult females in footings of wage and conditions of employment. Here, the term wage is interpreted in a wide term and screens countries such as vacations, pension rights and company fillips. Sex Discrimination Act or Gender Discrimination Act ( 1975 ) – This act exists to protect work forces and adult females from favoritism on the evidences of sex. The Sex Discrimination act is chiefly in relation to employment, preparation, instruction, torment, proviso of goods and services and in the disposal of premises. Race Relations Act ( 1976 ) – This act exists to forestall favoritism on the evidences of race. The act besides covers favoritism on the evidences of colour, nationality, ethnicity, proviso of goods and services, instruction and public maps. This act besides established the Commission for Racial Equality. Disability Discrimination Act ( 1995 ) – This act makes it improper to know apart against people in regard of their disablements in relation to employment, the proviso of goods and services, instruction and conveyance. Human Resource Movement: With the Human Resource Movement greater attending was given towards societal duty and societal well being. There was more accent spring to the relationship between employers and employees. Employee thoughts and enterprises were encouraged. Strategic Human Resource Management: In Strategic Human Resource the importance of human resource considerations in long scope strategic planning has been recognized. Under Strategic Human Resource Management non merely one subdivision or section of the organisation would be considered but alternatively the organisation as a whole would be considered.The Personal Management Approach ( Early twentieth Century )The use of Personnel Management Approach was outstanding throughout the early twentieth century even though it remained administrative in nature. The Personnel Management Approach chiefly concerned itself with, Keeping employee records Guaranting conformity with declared policies Execution of maps such as enlisting, preparation and pay disposal Taking public assistance oriented steps such as supplying medical attention and inoculations Trying to increase productiveness through pay additions and preparation, and enforcement of criterions Covering with trade brotherhoods and seeking to work out industrial differences through corporate bargaining and other industrial dealingss attacks Conducting public presentation assessments The Personnel Management Approach tried to convert workers of the concern involvements, and convince direction of workers involvement and besides increase consciousness of concern about societal duty. Personnel Management was largely non involved in the company ‘s scheme and operations aspect.The Traditional Human Resource Approach ( Late twentieth Century )The Traditional Human Resource Approach evolved during the late twentieth century with the development and debut of new theories such as Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands theory. In the Human Resource Approach the employees of an organisation were considered as valuable resources. Unlike the Personnel Management Approach the Traditional Human Resource Approach was non simply a staff map but it was more and more involved with concern operations. The followers could be identified as the chief differences between the Personnel Management Approach and the Traditional Human Resource Approach. Motivation was given to employees through assorted signifiers such as free vacations, making an active and societal community within the work force besides pecuniary inducements. Training and Development was non merely focused on supplying work related accomplishments but besides focused on altering attitudes and development of basic accomplishments Wage and Salary Administration became more complex with the debut of public presentation related payment strategiesThe Strategic Human Resource Approach ( twenty-first Century )The Strategic Human Resource Approach aligns single ends and aims with corporate ends and aims, and instead than implement regulations or dictate footings, acts as a facilitator and promotes a participative attack. The followers could be identified as the chief differences between the Traditional Human Resource Approach and the Strategic Human Resource Approach. Increased trust on public presentation based short term contracts alternatively of long term employment Direct linkage of compensation to the profitableness of the endeavor and the employee ‘s part towards such profitableness New dimensions for preparation and development map by promoting and easing invention and creativenessHow Personnel Management and Human Resource Management DifferPersonnel Management can be viewed as a tool and it concerns organisational regulations and ordinances and besides ongoing issues. Whereas, Human Resource Management foremost looks in to the long permanent hereafter and analyzes Human Resource needs. Further, Human Resource Management uses an incorporate attack to accomplish those demands with the congruity of corporate aims.Role, Tasks and Activities of a Human Resource PractitionerA Human Resource Practitioner has the chance to assist determine the success of any organisation. There are many functions, undertakings and activities that a Human Resource Practitioner should make such as, Maintain and implement an effectual HR information system and besides pull off the filing system and records for the section. Document and update occupation profiles for all employees. Maintain and reexamine approved manpower program with the relevant stakeholders on a uninterrupted footing as per the identified demands and demands. Develop and implement a Project Employment equity program as title-holder / driver of the map. Ensure timed catching and processing of employment and compensation affairs. Ensure all expirations are processed trepidly in that structured issue interviews are conducted for employees, go forthing and relevant certification completed. Distribute records to and intercede with all relevant sections within the Company. Aid in developing and implementing new and reexamining bing policies and processs. Conduct roll-out Sessionss with staff. Handle all HR / forces related questions and correspondence trepidly and intensify if needed. Ensure orientation and initiation for all new employees on HR related issues are conducted. Implement, support, advise, co-ordinate, proctor and study on Performance Management System. Reporting – compile and distribute studies on HR activities. Maintain leave records and execute leave audits when required. Employee dealingss. Employee health.Role of a Line ManagerLine directors are directors who are responsible for an employee or work group. Many organisation ‘s line directors now carry out activities, which were traditionally within the remit of HR such as supplying coaching and counsel, set abouting public presentation assessments and covering with subject and grudges. In many instances, they besides carry out enlisting and choice in concurrence with HR. First, it is of import for line directors to maintain a positive relationship with their employees, so that the employees will hold higher degree of occupation satisfaction, committedness and trueness, which are associated with higher degrees of public presentation or discretional behaviour. A line director can besides go to to the above-named if he or she does public presentation assessment. In add-on, Line directors besides play a strong portion in structuring people ‘s existent experience of making a occupation. Never the less, it is of import that line directors see through the failings of the work force and usher, train or train them with proper waies where the employees can execute their work in a higher mode. In the function of a line director, they ever involve the employees in communicating, particularly when it comes to taking determinations or work outing a job in the line – this besides known as â€Å" employee battle † . When working as a line director and playing its function, the employees should experience easy and comfy to discourse affairs with their line directors. Therefore, the line directors should be opened to his or hers loyal work force. Last but non the least it is really of import for a line director to acknowledge the part of an employee to his work topographic point.Line Management DutiesTo hold a good working relationship with the people who works under the line directors they will hold to hold some duties that would do it effectual. There are some factors that should be taken in to consideration such as, The Line Manager should do an attempt to construct a relationship with the workers under him that would be productive to the company. When the director builds a good relationship with the workers, the workers will be happy to work and they can hold treatments and derive more thoughts through the workers knowledge every bit good. The squad work with the workers will be really effectual and this will increase the productiveness of the company. The Line Manager should really careful when he conducts the public presentation of the employees since it might impact the employee positively or negatively. The Line Manager must supply more chances to the employees to hold more treatments, more work, and duties of the activities they do in order to acquire them more confident on a regular footing. This will assist the employees know what the marks are and they will be kept remembered. This will assist them remain focussed and work in order to accomplish the mark. The focal point on the public presentation and the work that the employee and director do must be a two manner procedure and both of them should be able to discuses and show their sentiment about the public presentation and what are the factors that affect the concluding result. The Line Manager should put an illustration in a manner that he would be the first one to cite by any employee when a job arises or when a determination must be made. This besides means deriving the regard that is needed by a director must be earned by the Line director. The Line Manager should supply regular updates on information and cognition to the employees in order to maintain them crisp. Some information and cognition can be merely accessed by the director and it is up to the director to guarantee he updates on employees on their employees important countries. The director must do sure he has regular meeting and treatments in order to inform the employees on the development, jobs and besides remind them the ends and aims of the company. So the employees know what is go oning around the company and how they must move to get the better of the issues. The Line Manager must place the employee ‘s strength and failing personally and must be able to do usage of it for the benefit of the company. If an employee has a peculiar strength the director must utilize it to the advantage of the company and if the employee has a failing so the director must assist the employee to get the better of this failing. The Line Manager should appreciate the employees on their good work and every bit good as advice them on the inappropriate work. The director must be able to direct the message straight and do himself clear for the employees. The Line Manager should supply advice and support when it is needed by the employees. The Line Manager should back up the fact that some employees need preparation and he must assist them derive it. To transport out all these duties expeditiously the Line Manager needs to cognize all the employees occupation description and work specification. So when the Line Manager has a clear position on that the lucidity will be when doing determination and every bit good as the Line Manager will cognize the bounds of each employees. So being a Line Manager the directors duties are chiefly holding a good relationship with the employees and understanding their demands and wants and taking them to make the activities that the director requires them to make. Making the employees work in a manner that they are satisfied with their work and allowing them know that the company does care about them in order for them to work with their bosom. Any director must cognize how to acquire to any employee since non all the employees are the same and non everyone will be satisfied with the manner the director treats the employees. Hence, understanding the employee ‘s demands and understanding a manner to derive their regard is really critical.Human resource planningHuman resource planning is the term used to depict how companies guarantee that their staff is the right staff to make the occupations. It is a systematic procedure of fiting the involvement, accomplishments, and endowments of single community members with the l ong term ends and economic chances in the community. This procedure anticipates and maps out the effects of concern scheme on an organisation ‘s human resources. It is reflected in planning of accomplishment and competency demands every bit good as entire head counts. For resourcing schemes to be implemented they must be translated into practical action. The strategic procedure can be organized logically. For these determinations to be taken, information must be obtained, effects gauged, political soundings taken and penchants assessed. A clear Human resource program includes benefits such as: Foregrounding chances for strategic partnership that allow communities and other spouses to portion the benefits, hazards and preparation costs. It provides for little successes that are promoting and actuating for the community members and others that the plan is on path. Making it easy to measure advancement ( particularly client feedback ) and to show funders, spouses, and community members with effectual information about the advancement.The Human Resource Planning ProcessIn order to compartmentalise the Human Resource Planning procedure, it will be broken down under five chief general headers, under which each company will be analyzed against, so that the contrast in how they differ in be aftering procedures can be identifiedEnvironmental AnalysisThe first measure in the human resource planning procedure is to understand the context of human resource direction. Human resource directors should understand both internal and external environments. Datas on external environments includes the followers: the general position of the economic system, industry, engineering and competition ; labour market ordinances and tendencies ; unemployment rate ; skills available ; and the age and sex distribution of the labour force. Internal information required incl ude short- and long-run organisational programs and schemes and the current position of the organisation ‘s human resources. In Standard Chartered, Human Resource Directors have surveyed the environmental sphere and have undertaken activities that enhance their concern public presentation now and for the long-run. They have besides look for ways to guarantee the economic development of the states Standard Chartered Bank operates in, how to hold a positive impact on the environment and society, every bit good as lending to good administration. Human Resources have helped keep an incorporate position of how Standard Chartered does concern – that takes into account economic factors, the environment, community, and good administration. They have identified seven sustainability precedences by confer withing cardinal stakeholders such as authorities, faculty members, socially responsible investors, non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) and equals. They now deliver on this docket by utilizing the nucleus accomplishments and endowments of their employees ; supplying quality fiscal services ; and leveraging Standard Chartered Bank ‘s geographical footmark and international position to be a ‘force for good ‘ . Standard Chartered Bank ‘s Human Resource Directors have therefore analyzed its environment and have enhanced their labour and employment patterns through corporate bargaining understandings with the Local Unions and focussed interaction with all labour regulative governments and bureaus therefore showing the publicity of the rules of human and labour rights. The Bank besides has a Diversity & A ; Inclusion ( D & A ; I ) Council.Planing the Management SystemA proper concise system is a cri tical necessity and needs to be in topographic point, in order to manage the Human Resource procedure. The overall purpose of this system is to pull off human resources in line with organisational ends. The system is in charge of human resource programs, policies, processs and best patterns. For illustration, the system should track emerging human resource direction tendencies, such as outsourcing certain non-core maps, following flexible work patterns and the increased usage of information engineering, and, if appropriate, implement them. Standard Chartered Bank has signed a seven-year outsourcing contract, deserving US $ 200 million, with Atos Origin for the direction of its informations services substructure in the Asia Pacific part. The understanding covers the bank ‘s informations services in Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. Atos Origin says it will take to present improved public presentation degrees and costs to the bank through the deployment of new engineering and the standardisation of procedures. Commercial Bankss Human Resource system took a different attack and identified a more moneymaking benefit can be made by outsourcing their bing pension strategy. Thus it resulted in the bank engaging Hewitt Outsourcing Services ( India ) Ltd, to change over its bing pension strategy, from a defined benefit program to a defined part program. As a consequence the group post-tax net incomes rose 39.46 per centum to 2.37 billion rupees during the nine month period, compared with the same period last twelvemonth.Analyzing SupplyOrganizations can engage forces from internal and external beginnings. The skill stock lists method is one of the techniques used to maintain path of internal supply. Skill stock lists are manual or computerized systems that keep records of employee experience, instruction and particular accomplishments. A prognosis of the supply of employees projected to fall in the organisation from outside beginnings, given current enlisting activities, is besides necessary. For illustration, Standard Chartered, during the recession, Human Resource analysing the excess in employees, and holding to be cut to co-occur with the new endurance schemes of the company started to take abrasion attack. Attrition is the procedure whereby the bing employees leave their occupations for assorted grounds or gets downsized. Those occupations will be kept vacant or unfilled. Abrasion or hiring freezings or prohibition on employment can be implemented organization-wide or department-wise or job-wise if the Human Resource Manager forecasts a excess work force in the organisation. But if the abrasion rate is uninterrupted and high so it is high clip the concerned governments in the organisation have self-contemplation and take remedial actions. High Attrition is a mark of bad repute for the organisation as a on the job topographic point. Under the analysing supply in footings of Human Resource planning procedure Commercial Bank operates on a different avenue. If future excess is estimated, Commercial Bank has to be after for redisposition, redundancy etc. If excess is estimated in some jobs/department, employees can be redeployed in other jobs/departments where the shortage of employees is estimated. Commercial Bank besides makes programs for preparation or reorientation before redisposition of employees. Redeployment takes topographic point in the signifier of transportations. If the shortage is non estimated in any job/department and excess is estimated for the full organisation, Commercial Bank so, starts audience with the trade brotherhoods and programs for redundancy or retrenchment.Reconciliation and PlanningThe concluding measure in human resource planning is developing action programs based on the gathered informations, analysis and available options. The cardinal issue is that the programs should be acceptab le to both top direction and employees. Plans should be prioritized and their cardinal participants and barriers to success identified. Some of these programs include employee use program, appraisal program, preparation and direction development program and human resource supply program. A good illustration of this would be to travel back to the times where recession hit, and Standard chartered had done extended research on employee use program, and more significantly the retrenchment to maintain them afloat. The HR identified cardinal directors and set into action a redundancy program which was as followed: Standard Chartered redundancy program This program covered type and figure of employees, clip of and topographic point of retrenchment, type of aid to be extended to retrenched employees in the signifier of compensation, aid in acquiring new occupation, precedence in make fulling future vacancies. Redeployment, Redundancy/Retrenchment Plans: 1. Outplacement: Outplacement plans besides intended to supply calling counsel for displaced employees. This plans covers retraining the prospective displaced employees who can be redeployed elsewhere in the organisation, assisting in sketch authorship, interview techniques, occupation searching. 2. Layoffs: Layoffs can be impermanent or lasting. Impermanent layoffs are due to the inanition in concern, machinery breakage, power failure etc. Workers are called back every bit shortly as work sketchs to the normal place. Permanent layoff is due to settlement of the company. Proper human resource planning go forthing the work force at proper degree can assist to cut down this consequence. 3. Leave of Absence without Pay: This technique helps SC to cut the labour cost and the employee to prosecute his ego involvements. This technique besides helps the company to program for extinguishing the unneeded occupation in a phased mode. This construct serves or a productive method to assist employees fix for future alterations. Work Sharing: Some countries of SC offer employees the chance to portion occupations or two employees working one-half clip each. This technique solves the job of retrenchment in the short tally. This is in trend in advanced states but non acceptable to workers brotherhoods particularly within the Asiatic part. Reduced Working Hourss: Under this technique, each worker, works less hours, and receives less wage, so that two occupations are saved. Again this is non prevailing in the Asiatic part and other developing states. Voluntary/ Early Retirement: Another issue is early retirement. SC has taken a page from the Government of India who introduced Voluntary Retirement Scheme under the caption ‘Golden Handshake ‘ in order to work out the job of overstaffing in Public sector. This technique solves the job of inordinate supply of future stock list over the demand for the human resources. In short it is popularly called as VRS.Evaluation of the Recruitment & A ; Selection Procedure of Both Standard Chartered Bank and Commercial Bank.Recruitment: The purpose of the enlisting is to guarantee that the Organization ‘s demand for employees is met by pulling possible employees ( recruits ) in a cost effectual and timely mode. Choice: Employee Selection is the procedure of seting right work forces on right occupation. It is a process of fiting organisational demands with the accomplishments and makings of people. Effective choice can be done merely when there is effectual fiting. By choosing best campaigner for the needed occupation, the organisation will acquire choice public presentation of employees.Standard Chartered BankRecruitment procedure of Standard Chartered BankThe bank ‘s Management Development Scheme takes topographic point in Colombo, where they recruit direction trainees. Never the less, Standard Chartered Bank has provided the chance for those campaigners who are interested in this strategy to use to their local metropoliss. Per twelvemonth about 40 direction associates are been recruited. The purpose of the direction is to enroll alumnuss and station alumnuss with different backgrounds and experiences yet, the best and the brightest endowment in market.Whom do they enroll?Young and g ifted alumnuss or graduate students, who are willing to get down their calling in the fiscal service industry Career-oriented individual Consistent academic performing artist throughout his/her instruction Innovative, ambitious, energetic and concern oriented individualRecruitment standardsStandard Chartered Bank recruits the most gifted persons from the external market to supplement their internal grapevine of endowment. Their Human Resources section provides counsel on the usage of psychometric trials and has robust enlisting standards to guarantee that all campaigners are treated reasonably, every bit and with regard. It has a planetary Graduate Recruitment Program ; where in the part of 150 alumnuss are recruited each twelvemonth on a direction trainee plan across all concerns, maps and states.Analysis for Standard Chartered Banks enlistingHuman Resource Recruitment is defined as any pattern or activity carried on by the organisation with the primary intent of placing and pulling possible employees. The end of an organisational enlisting plan is to guarantee that the organisation has a figure of moderately qualified appliers ( who would happen the occupation acceptable ) to take fr om when a vacancy occurs.Selection Process of Standard Chartered BankEmployee choices at Standard Chartered Bank are based on cognition, accomplishments and endowment. The bank is committed to supply the equal chances to all employees irrespective of gender, race, age, disablement, nationality, cultural beginning or stuff position. Never the less, Standard Chartered Bank besides identifies what alone strengths each single brings, to the functions they carry out and the development of these strengths. Standard Chartered Bank largely uses face-to-face interviews as their choice method. Therefore, when suited appliers are been chosen through the enlisting procedure the bank set assignments for interviews with them. Afterwards, upon reaching, have each interviewee fill out a occupation application signifier and give them a transcript of the place ‘s written occupation description. After interviews are completed, human resource director of Standard Chartered Bank selects two or three campaigners that tantrums for the vacant occupation and hold them come in for a follow-up interview. This is where the direction discuses about wage, benefits etc. Thereafter, the concluding employee choice takes topographic point based upon these second-level interviews and makes an offer to the Human Resource Manager ‘s first pick.Analysis for Standard Charted Banks choiceAny organisation that intends to vie through people must take the uttermost attention with how it chooses organisational members. Personnel choice is the procedure by which companies decide who will or will non be allowed into their organisation. Several generic criterions should be met in any choice procedure, which are dependability, cogency, public-service corporation, and legality. Standard Chartered selects employees based on cognition, accomplishments and endowment. They are committed to supplying equality of chance to all employees, irrespective of gender, race, nationality, age, disablement, cultural beginning, or matrimonial position.Commercial BankRecruitment Process of Commercial BankThe human resources staff at Commercial Bank first makes certain recruitment programs are set based on concern ends and analysing of history. Then looks at the occupation a demand and list the accomplishments, cognition, experience and ability needed. Chiefly the enlisting activities of the bank are carried out at least four times per twelvemonth. Shown below are some figures, which have been taken from a past twelvemonth. Five employees retired under normal retirements. Fifteen resigned under voluntary retirement. Four resigned Four dismissed. Three expired during the period under position. Commercial Bank has besides come up with new enlisting chances due to the enlargement of the bank. Therefore, to make full these vacancies Commercial Bank follows the internal and external enlisting methods. Whereas, it should be noted that when there is a vacancy the bank first attempts to make full the infinite with an bing employee by following the internal enlisting method. If the demands can non be met by the internal method so they move into the external enlisting. In add-on, it is clear that the bank follows both ways to choose the best campaigner.The internal processThis method is used to make full a vacancy of Commercial Bank, utilizing an bing employee with the right demands and makings. Therefore, if there is any vacancy the direction of the bank will publicize it in the internal newssheet, which is handed over to all the employees doing more infinite for chances. Within one hebdomad ‘s clip if the bank finds a suited individual from the company itself to make full t he vacant place, most likely they are given the occupation. Commercial Bank faces many advantages due to the internal enlisting method. They are as show below, Cost effectiveness – the bank should put money upon enlisting, choice and preparation & A ; development when picking an employee externally. This can cut off by the internal method of enlisting. Gives more motive to all the employees and leads to publicities. Increase committedness to the company by the employees.The external processCommercial Bank depends on external labour market, when they do non happen bing employees who has the required cognition, experience or accomplishments for the vacant chance. The human resource section of the bank will be informed by the direction of the several sections, which has occupation vacancies and will be provided with the description of the occupation and other information. The occupation description contains the undermentioned information, Job rubric Title of immediate supervisors ‘ occupation Purpose of the occupation Number of subsidiaries Duties of the occupation Limits of authorization Career of the occupation Ad is a important measure when it comes to enrolling and pulling the best campaigners. By placing the societal and rational accomplishments, the Human Resource section will fix the advertizements. When it comes to publicizing vacancies Commercial Bank chiefly uses the newspaper advertisement method and their web site. Commercial Bank uses the undermentioned rules for effectual advertisement, Explains the inside informations about the company Advertises under the company name Provides sufficient inside informations about the vacant place Points out personal demands States the chief footings and conditions of employment States whom the application should be directed After the applications are been handed out, the human resource section will split the applications as required into relevant classs. Thereafter, the divided application signifiers will be given to the relevant sections with the vacancies. The recruitment process takes rather a long clip since the human resource section has entangle in a burden of work and should set a batch of attempt.Summary of the enlisting procedure of Commercial BankThe human resource section receives request for enlisting of employees from several sections of the bank Job analysis The human resource director gathers information. The enlisting method ( internal or external ) is been decided by the direction A list is prepared with the needed makings, accomplishments and cognition Preparation of occupation notices Roll uping the received applications Reducing and picking the appropriate campaignersEvaluation of external & A ; internal methods of enlistingBoth the organisations that have been discussed above utilizations both internal and external enlisting methods. Yet, it should be noticed that for an organisation it is more cost effectual to utilize the internal method. It is clear that a company has to set aside a certain sum when it comes to the procedures of enrolling choosing and developing & A ; development. Therefore, if the company can happen an bing employee with the right demands to make full up a vacancy, the cost will be less as for the above procedures would non hold to be practiced. However, the internal method can besides keep a disadvantage. By enrolling, a campaigner externally may convey more cognition, accomplishments and diverseness to the organisation. In certain cases, the internal method would non be eligible to make so. Therefore, by external enlisting the organisation will be able to happen the best campaigners for the vacant occupation than from the internal method. Hereby, it is clear that both internal and external methods are valuable for an organisation in the enlisting procedure.Selection Process of Commercial BankCommercial Banks direction explores both internal and external beginnings for replacing demands. Internal enlisting is where the bank is supplied with the work force within the company itself. This can be an action of either reassigning or publicity. There are many unvarying ways Commercial Bank uses their internal enlisting method. Mostly the bank uses the stock lists, which is besides known as a computerized database that is containe d with the basic information of all the employees. The stock list carries the information about each employee ‘s accomplishments, cognition, public presentation and other relevant features. Commercial Banks choice procedure is an effort to happen the qualified and best campaigners for vacant occupations in the organisation. Therefore, one time the enlisting procedure is taken topographic point the direction of the bank finds the best fitting people to make full the available infinites through the choice procedure. For this, several different methods such as choice trials, preliminary showings and comprehensive interviews are held at Commercial Bank.Choice TechniquesChoice can be defined as the procedure of taking the most suited campaigners from those who apply for the occupation or the pool of appliers. For this intent, organisations use assorted choice techniques such as, Interviews Presentations Psychometric Trials Aptitude Trials Psychological Trials The dependability of these choice techniques depends on the extent or the grade to which the choice technique measures the same point systematically. It should be noted that these choice techniques can either be written or in the signifier of interviews. However, in all state of affairss, for the rating to be accurate and to choose the best campaigner same inquiries should be put frontward. Further, the cogency of information gathered about the campaigners through assorted choice techniques would depend on certain factors. These factors are, The relationship between the choice technique and the appropriate standard What the choice technique steps and the quality of the technique The choice technique must be relevant to the occupationInterviewsAn interview could be defined as ; a choice process designed to foretell the future occupation public presentation on the footing of appliers ‘ unwritten response to unwritten enquiries. These interviews could be either conducted by an single individual or a panel. Interviews can be categorized based on their construction or the degree of standardisation, i.e. Unstructured, Semi – Structured and Structured. Unstructured Interviews: Unstructured interviews involve a process where different inquiries would be asked from different appliers. They are unplanned, non – directed, uncontrolled and flexible. Open ended inquiries would be asked in such interviews. Semi – Structured Interviews: Semi – Structured Interviews are normally pre – scheduled, have some degree of flexibleness and the major countries which are analyzed would be controlled. Structured Interviews: Structured Interviews are besides known as Guided Interviews. They are pre – planned, standardized and pre – formatted. There is no flexibleness in such interviews. The inquiries asked would non be unfastened ended inquiries. Beyond this there are four types of common choice interviews which are used for the choice procedure. These interviews are, Situation Interviews: Situational Interviews would analyse the conjectural public presentation of a campaigner. This would be done through state of affairs oriented oppugning based on the occupation. These interviews would be conducted by specialised people. Job Related Interviews: Job Related Interviews are normally conducted by Human Resource Managers. In this type of interview the interviewee ‘s behaviour during old occupations would be analyzed. Psychological Interviews: Psychological Interviews exist to buttockss personality traits of interviewees. Competency Interviews: Competence Interviews are an enlargement of Psychological Interviews. These interviews analyze the competences of an interviewee. Competences such as interpersonal accomplishments, leading and other such countries would be analyzed.Advantages and Disadvantages of InterviewsPresentationsPresentations could be used for the choice procedure depending on the manner how presentations will associate to the occupation description and the normal on the job patterns expected of the station. In presentations it would be really of import to hold decided standards against which each campaigner will be marked. This standard may include points which would be assessed at an interview excessively, for illustration through a presentation the campaigners communication accomplishments could be assessed where as this could be done through an interview every bit good. Besides, the campaigner ‘s ability to nowadayss facts to an audience could be assessed utilizing a presentati on but this could be done at an interview through the use of a panel of interviewers as good. However, a presentation could be used to analyse how a campaigner would be able to show his thoughts to a wider audience than which will be present at an interview. Presentations could besides be utile to understand how rapidly a campaigner will be able to understand and construe a subject given to him. Beyond this, presentation could be a really good method to mensurate the degree of ego assurance a campaigner has. Since presentations would by and large devour a batch of clip it could be said to be a major disadvantage of presentations and besides since a presentation would be sing a peculiar given subject it will be given to restrict the countries in which an person ‘s cognition could be analyzed. Whereas, interviews would be less clip consuming and a broad country of the campaigner ‘s cognition could be analyzed through unwritten inquiring. Further, unlike interviews, since presentations could be used merely for a occupation which would necessitate presentations skills this would non be a really suited method for the choice procedure.Psychometric TrialsPsychometric Trials would supply information sing how a campaigner would act towards his directors, equals and subsidiaries ; fundamentally relationship edifice accomplishments. These trials would lend about 10 % towards the concluding determination and would normally necessitate confirmation from the campaigner itself. This could b e considered as a disadvantage as certain information could be forged. Further, for these trials to be carried out decently trained assessors are required. By sing the degree of part towards the concluding determination it is clear that this type of trial entirely would non be sufficient for the choice procedure and therefore this would hold to be used in combination with some other choice techniques such as interviews. Hence it is possible to get at the decision that interviews could be more dependable than such trials and is a better choice technique with regard to psychometric trials.Other TrialsThere are assorted trials which could be used to asses a campaigner ‘s capableness when information gathered through interviews and Curriculum Vitae go less dependable. However, one major drawback of such trials is that these trials do non supply any information sing the personality of the campaigner or sing his communicating accomplishments and besides these trials would merely men surate facets such as cognition. Based on the above information it was possible to get at the decision that from among the above mentioned choice techniques, interviews would be the most appropriate method of choice for many state of affairss. This could be said on the footing that interviews cover up a wider scope of facets of a campaigner such as the cognition, communicating accomplishments, attitude, personality and etc. when compared to other methods. Further, unlike other techniques of choice such as psychometric trials, interviews could be used entirely without utilizing a combination of choice techniques. Therefore, interviews could be identified as one of the most suited choice techniques. However, it could be recommended that if in deepness information is required sing some peculiar country of a campaigner a combination of choice techniques could be used.Job EvaluationJob Evaluation could be defined as the procedure which is used to measure the comparative worth of different occupations on the footing of a consistent set of occupations and personal factors such as makings and accomplishments. The aim of Job Evaluation is to find the wage for a occupation in comparing to other occupations. There are chiefly three methods which are used for the Job Evaluation procedure. These methods are, Job Ranking – This method is one of the simplest methods which are used to measure a occupation. Jobs are compared to each other based on the overall worth of the occupation to the organisation. This is normally decided on accomplishment, attempt, duty and working conditions. Job Classification – Jobs are classified into an bing grade/category construction or hierarchy. Each degree in the grade/category construction has a description and associated occupation rubrics. Each occupation is assigned to the grade/category supplying the closest lucifer to the occupation. The categorization of a place is decided by comparing the whole occupation with the appropriate occupation rating criterion. Factor Comparison – A set of paying factors are identified to find the worth of the occupation. These factors could be accomplishments, duty, attempt and on the job conditions. The weight of the factors to the occupation will make up one's mind the wage. However, even though there are assorted methods for Job Evaluation, such as those mentioned above, harmonizing to research each method is about every bit accurate and dependable as the other in ranking and pricing different occupations. These Job Evaluations form the footing for rewards and salary dialogues.Job Evaluation at Standard Chartered BankA systematic and a scientific method of occupation rating have been followed at Standard chartered Bank. In fact, it has been possible to place that the method of occupation rating which is followed at Standard Chartered Bank is the factor comparing method. Even though this possibly one of the most hard methods of Job Evaluation it could be identified as a consistent and an appreciable method. Under this method of Job Evaluation, alternatively of ranking complete occupations each occupation would be ranked harmonizing to some factor such as accomplishment needed, cognize – how, answerability, etc. Using this method, payment and rewar ds would be decided sing weight – age of the factors required for the occupation. The Bank purposes at engaging specialised people and their recruiting standards are based on their cognition, expertness, past working experience and their exposure to the professional Fieldss. Employee rewards are set in conformity with the aforesaid enlisting standards and most of them are content with what they earn at Standard Chartered Bank Standard Chartered has some rules in measuring the occupation and these are some of their rules in occupation rating. All occupations in the organisation will be evaluated utilizing an in agreement occupation rating strategy. Job rating is concerned with occupations, non people. It is non the individual that is being evaluated. Jobs are assessed as if it were being carried out in a to the full competent and acceptable mode.Job Evaluation at Commercial BankThe demand for a place to be officially evaluated occurs as a consequence of important alterations or growing in the function or to the work required to be performed in a place. Commercial Bank uses the occupation categorization method to measure their employees. In this method, employees would be fundamentally separated in to assorted categories depending on their occupation and wage for that peculiar group would be in a about same scope. Applications for rating may be submitted to the Human Resource Department for this intent. The Job Evaluation application must be based on one or more of the undermentioned standards: Ongoing important alteration ( s ) to the range or map required of the place ; Change ( s ) to the place following a restructure of the immediate organisational country ; Change ( s ) to the place as a consequence of redesign or alteration ( s ) to other occupations that straight affect the maps and/or focal point of the place ; Change ( s ) to the place as a consequence of the restructure of another organisational country that straight affects the map and/or focal point of the place. Applications are non accepted on the footing of general dissatisfaction with the current place categorization or the volume of the work undertaken. The wage of an employee would be distinct base on chiefly the category to which an employee falls. Other than that Commercial Bank considers facets such as the accomplishments, preparation and development, practical working experience in similar Fieldss and besides instruction or cognition in relevant Fieldss. This would assist Commercial Bank to put their employees in a more suited category and besides to make up one's mind on a fairer wage of which the employee would be satisfied. When sing the occupation rating procedure at Commercial Bank it is clear that the bank follows the occupation categorization method. When sing the other three methods of occupation rating this could be classified as the easiest method. Beyond this, it could be seen that the bank follows a more rigorous attack which would non let all employees who think that they have been below the belt compensated to use for a occupation rating. This could be considered a drawback as employees would be given to acquire disgruntled and leave the organisation.